【正文】 ete code,法律的來(lái)源包括：statutes法令，大量的mon law，equity law衡平法，european munity law。Head of the monwealth 是女王，現(xiàn)在是伊麗莎白二世。工會(huì)和工黨 Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意識(shí)到聯(lián)合的重要性，于是工會(huì)出現(xiàn)，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全國(guó)的大公會(huì)，后來(lái)Trade Union Congress 開(kāi)始。君主立憲由此開(kāi)始。王朝復(fù)辟 The Restoration 克倫威爾死后，兒子Richard 繼位，但是統(tǒng)治失敗，議會(huì)選擇讓上代國(guó)王流放法國(guó)的兒子King Charles 二世回歸。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。查爾斯戰(zhàn)敗，克倫威爾Cromwell稱(chēng)王。在這段時(shí)期，羅馬教會(huì)經(jīng)歷新教改革，人文主義興起，海外探索（大航海時(shí)代？）。伊麗莎白一世時(shí)期，伊麗莎白為女王統(tǒng)治英國(guó)，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，從此英國(guó)都是信奉新教。亨利八世進(jìn)行宗教改革，想切斷英國(guó)教會(huì)與羅馬教皇的關(guān)系，使英國(guó)教會(huì)獨(dú)立起來(lái)。議會(huì)雛形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺開(kāi)會(huì)，就是最早的議會(huì)，后來(lái)發(fā)展了House of Lords上議院，House of Commons下議院。威斯敏斯特westminster，倫敦市的一個(gè)行政區(qū)，也叫西敏寺，這里有議會(huì)houses of parliament，包含大鐘樓big ben，白廳whitehall即英國(guó)政府，白金漢宮buckingham palace即英國(guó)皇宮，還有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宮。merchants would be allowed to move about the King attempted to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey the law by every means possible, even by means of a civil is regarded as the foundation of the British .“Alevel”:Alevel—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students pleting secondary or preuniversity Fathers:The first English immigrants who came to America by the ship Mayflower in came to the America to run away from the religious persecution in landed the America from Plymouth and settled down in this :“WASP” stands for White AngloSaxon is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant United States was founded and formed largely by Street:Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eightblocklong, miles( km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower time, the term has bee a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New Yorkbased financial Day:Independence Day, monly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great :Hollywood is the US film industry is located in Los Angeles, are big movie panies, including the Warner , Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, and Paramount annual Oscar Award held there attracts the attention of the world。第一篇：英美國(guó)家概況主觀(guān)題 Charter:It refers to the document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, which contains 63 most important are as followed: the King could not exact payment from the vassals without their consent。no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convinced by a jury。it has bee the synonym of American with a constitutional monarch:Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decisionmaking and is not effectively bound by a constitutional Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to began to influence British society and people’s are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries indepth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by welleducated, middleclass tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or articles are short and easy to readers are normally workingclass and lower class Revolution:The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of , Britain had a huge , from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its , the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was acplished in changed Britain in many industrial productivity increased became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the country also underwent a process of mass Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（）The Second Industrial Revolution（）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more a third revolution is under is going Election:America is a presidential government presidential election is held every four system of presidential government is includes primary election, the popular vote, the Electoral primary election is the first is time