【正文】 交政策 Elizabeth s religious reform was a promise of views. She broke Mary s ties with Rome and restored her father s independent Church of England,. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain. 伊莉莎白的宗教改革是對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié)。因?yàn)樽h會(huì)需要用文字形式對(duì)言論自由的一般權(quán)力加以確定，同時(shí)希望可以隨時(shí)對(duì)重要問題進(jìn)行討論。 III. Elizabeth I (15581603) (伊莉莎白一世（ 1558 年 1603 年） ) Elizabeth I and parliament Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at the relationship was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to discuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to their 了避免經(jīng)常向議會(huì)索要資金，伊莉莎白在王室內(nèi)部制定了嚴(yán)格的節(jié)約制度。 Henry VIII’ s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’ s position。 1534 年的《繼位法》和 1535 年的《王權(quán)法案》使改革具有了可行性。 1529 年至 1534 年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系。亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚，但是教皇拒絕了。改革原因有三個(gè)主要方面：多年來，人們改革教會(huì)的意愿不斷增長(zhǎng)，現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞，許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已到；教職人員的特權(quán)和財(cái)富已引起民憤；亨利需要錢。 the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented。這些戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使英國(guó)的封建主義受到致命打擊，貴族階層受到了削弱。 Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (14551688) 第四章 向現(xiàn)代英國(guó)的過度 I. Transition to the Modern Age (14551485) 向近代英國(guó)的過渡 (1455 年 1485 年 ) The Wars of Rose 玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng) The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened. 玫 瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是指，從 1455 年到 1485 年，以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的普遍接受的名稱。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方 設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場(chǎng)。 黑死病對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。1348 年夏天橫掃全英國(guó)。 Joan of Arc (14121431)貞德女士 Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’ War. 貞德是法國(guó)歷史上的女英雄，她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和鼓舞法國(guó)人民將英國(guó)軍隊(duì)驅(qū)逐處境。 Three stages of the war 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的三個(gè)階段 In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of ，英國(guó)取得輝煌勝利。其他原因還有英國(guó)試圖阻止法國(guó)對(duì)蘇格蘭人的援助，并且壓制不斷增強(qiáng)的民族意識(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)原因則與弗蘭德斯城有關(guān)。 IV． The Hundred Years War and its consequences (百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)及其結(jié)果 ) The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. ① The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger, they increasingly coveted this large slice. ② The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England s desire to ③ stop France from giving aid to Scots and ④ a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. The English’ s is being driven out of France is ① regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ② hindered the development of a separate English national identity, ③ while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)指 1337 年到 1453 年英法之間一場(chǎng)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨。 1265 年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會(huì)，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。《大憲章》的精神實(shí)質(zhì)就是把國(guó)王的權(quán)利限制在英國(guó)封建法律允許的范圍之內(nèi)。《大憲章》總共 63 條，其中最重要的內(nèi)容是： (1) 未經(jīng)大議會(huì)同意，不得征稅； (2) 只有根據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律 才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)； (3)教會(huì)應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由；（ 4） 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保留其貴族的傳統(tǒng)權(quán)力和特權(quán)； (5) 全國(guó)要統(tǒng)一度量衡。 (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections。 II． Contents and the significance of the Great Charter (《大憲章》的內(nèi)容及意義 ) Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixtythree clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council。⑥處于封建等級(jí)最底層的是農(nóng)奴。④這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，相距遙遠(yuǎn)，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國(guó)王。②根據(jù)此制度，國(guó)王擁有全國(guó)所有土地。而還有一些英國(guó)人 的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。 3． The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the NormanFrench origin. 英國(guó)是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國(guó)家。開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進(jìn)了諾曼 — 法蘭西文化、語(yǔ)言、行為規(guī)范和建筑藝術(shù)。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。 2． The Norman Conquest and its consequences (諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影 ) The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps ① the bestknown event in English history. William the Conqueror ② confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with ③ a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was pletely established in England. ④ Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and merce were extended. ⑤ NormanFrench culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. ⑥ The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 1066 年 年的諾曼征服也許是英國(guó)歷史上的最著名事件。公元 1066 年 10 月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)死。”的稱號(hào)。同時(shí)他還