【導(dǎo)讀】不列顛群島由兩個大島—大不列顛島和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。英聯(lián)邦是獨立的前英國殖民地組成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50. 克爾特人是有經(jīng)驗的農(nóng)民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展而來的。克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。布列吞人的抵達。五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。首領(lǐng)于449年當(dāng)上了國王。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯。和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來自德國北部。森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。

　　

【正文】 tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 1685 年 查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。詹姆斯二世從小在歐洲流亡長大，是個天主教徒，他希望不放棄個人宗教信仰統(tǒng)治國家。但是 1688 的英國已不象 40 年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當(dāng)國王了。英國政客反對詹姆斯二世，他們呼吁 信奉新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威謙入侵英國奪取王位。 1688 年 11 月 15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領(lǐng)倫敦。這一占領(lǐng)相對平靜，既未流血也未處死國王，所以就稱為“光榮革命”。 Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (16881990) 第五章 大英帝國的興衰 I. Whigs and Tories 輝格黨人和托利黨人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 這兩個政黨名稱皆起源于 1688 年的光榮革命。 The Whig was those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig was to form a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid19th century and bee the Liberal Party. 輝格黨人是指那些反對絕對王權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人。輝格黨人在 19 世紀(jì)中葉與持不同意見的托利黨人組成聯(lián)盟，建立自由黨。 The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party. 托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)、不愿去除國王的人。托利黨是保守黨的前身。 I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century 18 世紀(jì)末的農(nóng)業(yè)革命 During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the “ openfield” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18 世紀(jì)末、 19 世紀(jì)初的農(nóng)業(yè)革命期間，隨著《圈地法》的頒布，傳統(tǒng)的“開放田地”制結(jié)束。圈地運動持續(xù)了將近一個多世紀(jì)。農(nóng)業(yè)圈地運動的利弊 共存： （ 1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small。 由于大農(nóng)場兼并了小農(nóng)場，規(guī)模越來越大； （ 2） More vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied。 人們消費的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越來越多，飲食種類愈加豐富； （ 3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World。 圈地對佃家而言是場災(zāi)難，他們被趕出土地，被迫到城鎮(zhèn)找工作。圈地運動導(dǎo)致了大規(guī)模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陸。 （ 4） A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. 農(nóng)村關(guān)系中產(chǎn)生了新的階級對立。 II. The Industrial Revolution (17801830)工業(yè)革命（ 17801830） 1． The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanizations of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic anization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工業(yè)革命指的是 17 世紀(jì)末、 18 世紀(jì)初英國工業(yè)的機械化，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。 2． Britain was the first cou ntry to industrialize because of the following factors: 英國成為第一個工業(yè)化的國家，原因如下： (1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade。 優(yōu)越的地理位置：英國地理位置優(yōu)越，適合參與歐洲與世界貿(mào)易； (2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. 政治局面穩(wěn)定。 17 世紀(jì) 后的英國社會寧靜，對海外貿(mào)易和殖民地興趣日增。國際貿(mào)易給商人和城市銀行家?guī)碡敻?，他們加上由于新農(nóng)作法而發(fā)家的人們?yōu)楣I(yè)化提供了大筆資金。 (3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the munity could exert their influence over Government policy. 1688 年光榮革命限制了君主的權(quán)力，這使得強大的經(jīng)濟利益集團能對政府政策施加影響。 (4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products. 英國的主要城鎮(zhèn)皆靠近海港或河流，貨物運送便利。 (5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources. 英國許多河流不僅用于交通，還提供水力及蒸汽動力。英國還有可用的礦產(chǎn)資源。 (6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen. 英國工程師為訓(xùn)練有素的手工藝人。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems. 發(fā)明家受人尊重，他們解決了實際難題。 (8) Probably laissez faire and “ Protestant work ethic” helped. 自由貿(mào)易及“新教工作倫理”可能起到一定作用 (9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers. 1707 年后，英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士形成海關(guān)協(xié)會， 1807 年后愛爾蘭加入。因此，全國市場不再受制于國內(nèi)海關(guān)的約束。 (10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry. 圈地運動和其它農(nóng)業(yè)改良為增加的人口提供了糧食，為工廠提供了勞動力，為工業(yè)提供了所需的一些原材料。 3． Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命中一些重大創(chuàng)新 (1) John Kay’ s flying shuttle in 1733。 1733 年，約翰凱的飛梭； (2) James Hargreaves’ S pinning Jenny in 1766。 1766 年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮紡紗機； (3) Richard Arkwright’ s waterframe in 1769。 1769 年理查 德阿克賴特的水力紡織機； (4) Samuel Crompton’ s mule in 1779 1779 年塞繆爾克朗普頓的走綻紡紗機； (5) Edmund Cartwright’ s power looms in 1784。 1784 年愛德蒙卡特萊特發(fā)明的力織機； (6)James Watt’ s steam engine in 1765 1765 年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽機。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果 （ 1） Britain was by 1830 the “ workshop of the world” 。 使英國在 1830 年成為了“世界工場”； （ 2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation’ s wealth. 城鎮(zhèn)迅速興起， 成為國 家財富的源泉。 （ 3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. 機械化摧毀了無法投入其中的人們的生活。工人們在極其惡劣的條件下勞動與生活。 （ 4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism. 工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生了工人階級，即無產(chǎn)階級。后來形成了工會制度。 III. The Chartist Movement (183618