【正文】 英國文化概況 Chapter 1 Land and People 第一章 英國的國土與人民 Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英國的不同名稱及其各組成部分 1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名稱：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。 2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。 3. The British Isles are made up of two large islandsGreat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列顛群島由兩個大島 — 大不列顛島（較大的一個）和愛爾蘭島，及成千上萬個小島組成。 4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales. 大不列顛島上有三個政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. 英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。 (2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north。 the Central lowlands。 the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh 蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。 首府：愛丁堡。 (3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫 (4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北愛爾蘭是英國第四個區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。 5. The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英聯(lián)邦是獨立的前英國殖民地組成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于 1931 年，至 1990 年止已有 50個成員國。 Chapter 2 the Origins of a Nation (5000BC1066) 第二章 英國的起源（公元前 5000 年 — 1066 年） I. Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居 Celts were practiced farmers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood. They were ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism ( ). 克爾特人是有經(jīng)驗的農(nóng)民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展而來的。 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC. 約公元前 700 年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來到不列顛有三 次高潮。 The first wave was the Gaelscame about 600 BC. 第一次高潮是約公元前 600 年蓋爾人的來臨。 The second wave were the Brythonscame ab out 400 BC. 第二次高潮是約公元前 400 年 布列吞人的抵達。 The third wave was the Belgaecame about 150 BC. 第三次是約公元前 150 年比利其人的到達。 II. The AngloSaxons (446871) 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人（公元 446— 871 年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the AngloSaxons. 盎格魯 — 薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎(chǔ)） In the mid5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. ① The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.② Then the Saxons, users of the shortsword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. ③ In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. 五 世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。 居住在日德蘭半島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打魚農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個朱特人首領(lǐng)于 449 年當上了國王。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞 克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時把他們的族名加諸在英國人夠上。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。 2． The early AngloSaxons converted to Christianity. 最早的盎格魯 — 撒克遜人改信基督教。 The AngloSaxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’ s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (異教的 ) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the mon people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元 597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元 579年圣奧古丁 成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但 是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動。 3． The Early AngloSaxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation) 早期盎格魯 — 撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。 The AngloSaxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrowstrip, threefield ② farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also ③ established the manorial system(莊園制 ). Finally, they ④ created the Witan（ council or meeting of the wiremen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格魯 — 撒克遜人構(gòu)筑了英國的國家基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執(zhí)法。其次，他們設計的窄條三區(qū)輪作制延用至 18 世紀。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了咨議會 (賢人會議 )，向國王提供 建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。 IV． Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵 1． The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入 侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從 8 世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。 9 世紀，尤其是公元 835878 年 間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元 867 年時的基督教中心。到 9 世紀中葉，北