【正文】 all即英國政府，白金漢宮buckingham palace即英國皇宮，還有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宮。no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convinced by a jury。宗教改革的真正進(jìn)行是在亨利八世的兒子愛德華時(shí)期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。這場戰(zhàn)爭顛覆了英國的封建制度，甚至動搖了歐洲的封建制度，被認(rèn)為是世界現(xiàn)代史的開端。議會組成House of lords 上議院 house of mons 下議院 下議院最有權(quán)力 政黨：工黨Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守黨，政黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是總理 Tony Blair是有史以來最年輕的工黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，總理。蘇聯(lián)采取了類似的行動，建立了德國民主共和國set up the German Democratic ，冷戰(zhàn)全面開始。西貢Saigon是原來的首都，后來改名為胡志明市Ho Chi Minh City。Articla I，the Legislative Article立法只有國會有權(quán)立法，twochamber system，包括senate參議院，house of representatives眾議院。: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military ，一種,一個(gè)詞或詞組被另一個(gè)與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美==或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個(gè)“紅領(lǐng)巾”也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊(duì)員。s largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock by Wall Street, New York City has been called the world39。s a stage(Shakespeare)隱喻一種語言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 “憂愁之?！被颉罢麄€(gè)世界一臺戲”(莎士比亞)the ship of desert沙漠之舟: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are bined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful ,一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀cruel kindness affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Regained was also written by : A 14line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme ,一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式,莎士比亞用過此詩體。Article II，Executive Article執(zhí)法 總統(tǒng)任期4年Article III，Judicial Article 司法Supreme Court是國家的最高法院，以下是聯(lián)邦法院federal court，最高法院和聯(lián)邦法院的法官是總統(tǒng)任命，法官是終身職位。水門事件（Watergate scandal，或譯水門丑聞）是美國歷史上最不光彩的政治丑聞之一，其對美國本國歷史以及整個(gè)國際新聞界都有著長遠(yuǎn)的影響，在1972年的總統(tǒng)大選中，為了取得民主黨內(nèi)部競選策略的情報(bào)，1972年6月17日，以美國共和黨尼克松Nixon競選班子的首席安全問題顧問詹姆斯?麥科德（James , Jr.）為首的5人闖入位于華盛頓水門大廈的民主黨全國委員會辦公室，在安裝竊聽器并偷拍有關(guān)文件時(shí)，當(dāng)場被捕。馬丁路德金開始領(lǐng)導(dǎo)黑人抵制。二戰(zhàn)后英國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展50s60s穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段，70s經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條，80s經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)：，推行中期財(cái)政計(jì)劃Mediumterm Financial Strategy 國教established chruches：在英國church of england，在蘇格蘭church of scotland 非國教 unestablished churches：英國圣公會anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church *************************************************************************** 美國概況國旗：13條狀紅白相間，代表original的13個(gè)州，50顆星，代表50個(gè)州 1492年，哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，Christopher war of independence 1774年，第一屆大陸國會continental congress在費(fèi)城philadelphia召開，呼吁抵制英國貨1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭開始。光榮革命 The Glorious Revolution 奧蘭治王室（William of Orange橘子？英國的名字真搞笑），用一場不流血的政變奪了王室的權(quán)，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)權(quán)利法案，英國“光榮革命”后鞏固資產(chǎn)階級與封建貴族聯(lián)合專政、確立君主立憲政體的憲法性文件之一。文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動 The English Renaissance 文藝復(fù)興是中世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)代的過渡時(shí)期，從13501650，有300年，從意大利發(fā)起，達(dá)芬奇等人為代表。it has bee the synonym of American with a constitutional monarch:Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decisionmaking and is not effectively bound by a constitutional Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to began to influence British society and people’s are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries indepth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by welleducated, middleclass tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or articles are short and easy to readers are normally workingclass and lower class Revolution:The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of , Britain had a huge , from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its , the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was acplished in changed Britain in many industrial productivity increased became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the country also underwent a process of mass Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（）The Second Industrial Revolution（）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more a third revolution is under is going Election:America is a presidential government presidential election is held every four system of presidential governm