【正文】 said that he shouldn39。Bertrand declares that a teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the Sun between the Earth and Mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong, his claim is therefore a valid one.第十二條：語義模糊12. ambiguityYou used a double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.Politicians are often guilty of using ambiguity to mislead and will later point to how they were technically not outright lying if they e under scrutiny. The reason that it qualifies as a fallacy is that it is intrinsically misleading.Example:Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.第十一條：舉證責任11. burden of proofYou said that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.The burden of proof lies with someone who is making a claim, and is not upon anyone else to disprove. The inability, or disinclination, to disprove a claim does not render that claim valid, nor give it any credence whatsoever. However it is important to note that we can never be certain of anything, and so we must assign value to any claim based on the available evidence, and to dismiss something on the basis that it hasn39。 were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work.第十條：誘導性問題 plex questions 10. loaded question You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn39。Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 39。s usually very easy to find a reason to believe something that suits us, and it requires integrity and genuine honesty with oneself to examine one39。Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and with effusive disdain asked Richard if he really thought we were stupid enough to believe that a fish somehow turned into a human through just, like, random things happening over time.第九條：片面謬誤9. special pleadingYou moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.Humans are funny creatures and have a foolish aversion to being wrong. Rather than appreciate the benefits of being able to change one39。s probably not true.Complex subjects like biological evolution through natural selection require some amount of understanding before one is able to make an informed judgement about the subject at hand。 this fallacy is also known as the appeal to hypocrisy. It is monly employed as an effective red herring because it takes the heat off someone having to defend their argument, and instead shifts the focus back on to the person making the criticism.Example:t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird7. tuquoque(appeal to hypocrisy)You avoided having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser you answered criticism with criticism.Pronounced tookwokwee. Literally translating as 39。s case without actually having to engage with it.Example:ll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars and even monkeys.第六條：人身攻擊 6. ad hominem ,personal attackYou attacked your opponent39。Recognising that Amanda had mitted a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day.第五條：滑坡謬誤5. slippery slopeYou said that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen.The problem with this reasoning is that it avoids engaging with the issue at hand, and instead shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals. Because no proof is presented to show that such extreme hypotheticals will in fact occur, this fallacy has the form of an appeal to emotion fallacy by leveraging fear. In effect the argument at hand is unfairly tainted by unsubstantiated conjecture.Example:s brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。Luke didn39。re ultimately flawed, dishonest, and tend to make one39。s important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no pelling rational reason exists for one39。Pointing to a fancy chart, Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst at the same time the numbers of pirates have bee