【正文】 ugh the overall odds of a 39。Bertrand declares that a teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the Sun between the Earth and Mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong, his claim is therefore a valid one.第十二條：語(yǔ)義模糊12. ambiguityYou used a double meaning or ambiguity of language to mislead or misrepresent the truth.Politicians are often guilty of using ambiguity to mislead and will later point to how they were technically not outright lying if they e under scrutiny. The reason that it qualifies as a fallacy is that it is intrinsically misleading.Example:s usually very easy to find a reason to believe something that suits us, and it requires integrity and genuine honesty with oneself to examine one39。t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird7. tuquoque(appeal to hypocrisy)You avoided having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser you answered criticism with criticism.Pronounced tookwokwee. Literally translating as 39。s brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。Pointing to a fancy chart, Roger shows how temperatures have been rising over the past few centuries, whilst at the same time the numbers of pirates have been decreasing。s not very good.Example:Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.14 . appeal to authority訴諸權(quán)威You said that because an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.It39。t want to eat his sheep39。t get involved militarily in other countries. Once the government sends in a few troops, it will then send in thousands to die.3. You can never give anyone a break. If you do, they39?！　±纾篩oung children are like flowersflowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.t carry?　　例如：Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can39。后面第二部分列舉的僅供以后學(xué)習(xí)參考。 obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.　　 (Ad Misericordiam)最好不要用這兩者來(lái)類比?！　↑c(diǎn)評(píng)：有一個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)解決并不代表著另一個(gè)問(wèn)題不值得解決。t care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years.s important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no pelling rational reason exists for one39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。Not able to defend his position that evolution 39。第一條：稻草人1. strawman/straw manYou misrepresented someone39。s position. Everyone, bar sociopaths, is affected by emotion, and so appeals to emotion are a very mon and effective argument tactic, but they39。Colin Closet asserts that if we allow samesex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we39。Nicole identified that Hannah had mitted a logical fallacy, but instead of addressing the substance of her claim, Hannah accused Nicole of mitting a fallacy earlier on in the conversation.第八條：個(gè)人懷疑8. personal incredulityBecause you found something difficult to understand, or are unaware of how it works, you made out like it39。abilities39。t have to pay them because the sign said 39。t influenced by what happened before.Example:t true39。 example. This kind of postrationalization is a way of avoiding valid criticisms of one39。clock news of corruption and taking bribes, the senator said that we should all be very wary of the things we hear in the media, because we all know how very unreliable the media can be.第十九條：非黑即白19. blackorwhiteYou presented two alternative states as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist.Also known as the false dilemma, this insidious tactic has the appearance of forming a logical argument, but under closer scrutiny it bees evident that there are more possibilities than the either/or choice that is presented. Binary, blackorwhite thinking doesn39。 it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal.Many 39。s good or justifiable.Example:Jason said that that was all cool and everything, but his grandfather smoked, like, 30 cigarettes a day and lived until 97 so don3