【正文】 but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。After Sally presents an eloquent and pelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn39。t be answered without appearing guilty.Loaded question fallacies are particularly effective at derailing rational debates because of their inflammatory nature the recipient of the loaded question is pelled to defend themselves and may appear flustered or on the back foot.Example:s important to note that this fallacy should not be used to dismiss the claims of experts, or scientific consensus. Appeals to authority are not valid arguments, but nor is it reasonable to disregard the claims of experts who have a demonstrated depth of knowledge unless one has a similar level of understanding and/or access to empirical evidence. However it is, entirely possible that the opinion of a person or institution of authority is wrong。Not able to defend his position that evolution 39。t true39。t a primate).15 竊取論點. begging the questionYou presented a circular argument in which the conclusion was included in the premise.This logically incoherent argument often arises in situations where people have an assumption that is very ingrained, and therefore taken in their minds as a given. Circular reasoning is bad mostly because it39。The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo39。第一條：稻草人1. strawman/straw manYou misrepresented someone39。s argument, it39。After Will said that we should put more money into health and education, Warren responded by saying that he was surprised that Will hates our country so much that he wants to leave it defenceless by cutting military spending.第二條：錯誤歸因2. false causeYou presumed that a real or perceived relationship between things means that one is the cause of the other.Many people confuse correlation (things happening together or in sequence) for causation (that one thing actually causes the other to happen). Sometimes correlation is coincidental, or it may be attributable to a mon cause.Example: thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax.第三條：訴諸感情3. appeal to emotionYou attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or pelling argument.Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It39。s position. Everyone, bar sociopaths, is affected by emotion, and so appeals to emotion are a very mon and effective argument tactic, but they39。s opponents justifiably emotional.Example:t want to eat his sheep39。t fortunate enough to have any food at all.第四條：謬誤謬誤4. the fallacy fallacyYou presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.It is entirely possible to make a claim that is false yet argue with logical coherency for that claim, just as is possible to make a claim that is true and justify it with various fallacies and poor arguments.Example:Colin Closet asserts that if we allow samesex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。After Sally presents an eloquent and pelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn39。you too39。Nicole identified that Hannah had mitted a logical fallacy, but instead of addressing the substance of her claim, Hannah accused Nicole of mitting a fallacy earlier on in the conversation.第八條：個人懷疑8. personal incredulityBecause you found something difficult to understand, or are unaware of how it works, you made out like it39。 this fallacy is usually used in place of that understanding.Example:s mind through better understanding, many will invent ways to cling to old beliefs. One of the most mon ways that people do this is to postrationalize a reason why what they thought to be true must remain to be tr