【正文】 d Herring)　　 (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)　　點(diǎn)評：孩子和花朵的區(qū)別太大?！　↑c(diǎn)評：抒情是不能當(dāng)作論證的?！　↑c(diǎn)評：前提條件中就有相互矛盾的地方，結(jié)論當(dāng)然是錯誤的。　　 (Post Hoc)　　例如：McDonald39。t pull their weight in government work.要了解基本邏輯錯誤一定不能錯過一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者M(jìn)ax Shulman)，這里僅列舉出十種最常見的邏輯錯誤。第一部分 考試范圍內(nèi)本次考試考第一部分列舉的前15個。　　點(diǎn)評：雖然女性確實(shí)在政界擔(dān)任較少工作，但這不意味著女性群體中所有的人都是這樣。s and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.　　例如：Most young criminals watch violent movies before they mit their crimes?！　?(Contradictory Premises)成長的過程也太復(fù)雜?！　±纾篒f TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.　　例如：Many people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet.　　例如：Everyone says it is justified to learn a second language so we must learn one.　　例如：If we don39。Examples of Slippery Slope1. We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they39。ve got to stop them from banning pornography. Once they start banning one form of literature, they will never stop. Next thing you know, they will be burning all the books!11. appeal to emotionYou attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or pelling argument.Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It39。s opponents justifiably emotional.Example:t fortunate enough to have any food at all.12 . ad hominem ,personal attack 人身攻擊You attacked your opponent39。t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird.第七條：訴諸虛偽13. loaded question 含沙射影You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn39。 therefore the authority that such a person or institution holds does not have any intrinsic bearing upon whether their claims are true or not.Example: Bob says that he knows a scientist who also questions evolution (and presumably isn39。s Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and Should Not Ever Be Questioned.第二部分 以下完整版留著資料用。s much easier to present your own position as being reasonable, but this kind of dishonesty serves to undermine honest rational debate.Example:s important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no pelling rational reason exists for one39。Luke didn39。Recognising that Amanda had mitted a fallacy in arguing that we should eat healthy food because a nutritionist said it was popular, Alyse said we should therefore eat bacon double cheeseburgers every day.第五條：滑坡謬誤5. slippery slopeYou said that if we allow A to happen, then Z will eventually happen too, therefore A should not happen.The problem with this reasoning is that it avoids engaging with the issue at hand, and instead shifts attention to extreme hypotheticals. Because no proof is presented to show that such extreme hypotheticals will in fact occur, this fallacy has the form of an appeal to emotion fallacy by leveraging fear. In effect the argument at hand is unfairly tainted by unsubstantiated conjecture.Example:s case without actually having to engage with it.Example: this fallacy is also known as the appeal to hypocrisy. It is monly employed as an effective red herring because it takes the heat off someone having to defend their argument, and instead shifts the focus back on to the person making the criticism.Example:Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and with effusive disdain asked Richard if he really thought we were stupid enough to believe that a fish somehow turned into a human through just, like, random things happening over time.第九條：片面謬誤9. special pleadingYou moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.Humans are funny creatures and have a foolish aversion to being wrong. Rather than appreciate the benefits of being able to change one39。Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 39。Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.第十一條：舉證責(zé)任11. burden of proofYou said that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.The burden of proof lies with someone who is making a claim, and is not upon anyone else to disprove. The inability, or disinclination, to dispro