【正文】 第一部分 考試范圍內(nèi)本次考試考第一部分列舉的前15個(gè)。后面第二部分列舉的僅供以后學(xué)習(xí)參考。(一)了解基本邏輯，避免常見錯(cuò)誤要了解基本邏輯錯(cuò)誤一定不能錯(cuò)過(guò)一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者M(jìn)ax Shulman)，這里僅列舉出十種最常見的邏輯錯(cuò)誤?！　?(Dicto Simpliciter)　　例如：Women are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women can39。t pull their weight in government work.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：雖然女性確實(shí)在政界擔(dān)任較少工作，但這不意味著女性群體中所有的人都是這樣?！　?(Hasty Generalization)　　例如：McDonald39。s and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：兩個(gè)個(gè)例不足以推出一個(gè)真理。　　 (Post Hoc)　　例如：Most young criminals watch violent movies before they mit their crimes。 obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：甲事情發(fā)生在乙事情之前，這并不代表著先發(fā)生的甲事情就是后發(fā)生的乙事情的原因。　　 (Contradictory Premises)　　例如：If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can39。t carry?　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：前提條件中就有相互矛盾的地方，結(jié)論當(dāng)然是錯(cuò)誤的。　　 (Ad Misericordiam)　　例如：Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them?　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：抒情是不能當(dāng)作論證的?！　?(False Analogy)　　例如：Young children are like flowersflowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：孩子和花朵的區(qū)別太大。成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程也太復(fù)雜。最好不要用這兩者來(lái)類比?！　?(Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)　　例如：If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：因?yàn)殡娨曇呀?jīng)被發(fā)明了，對(duì)于過(guò)去的否定假設(shè)后所得出的結(jié)論都是邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。　　 (Red Herring)　　例如：Many people say we need to exploit the outer space, a point which I believe is wrong, because there are so many poor people on Earth who hardly make ends meet.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：有一個(gè)問題沒解決并不代表著另一個(gè)問題不值得解決?！　?(Bandwagon)　　例如：Everyone says it is justified to learn a second language so we must learn one.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：人人都說(shuō)，或者大多數(shù)都說(shuō)，這并不意味著該觀點(diǎn)正確。　　 (Slippery slope)　　例如：If we don39。t care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years.　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：從環(huán)境問題到世界滅亡，中間有無(wú)數(shù)環(huán)節(jié)未提供論證。Examples of Slippery Slope1. We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they39。ll be charging $40,000 a semester!2. The US shouldn39。t get involved militarily in other countries. Once the government sends in a few troops, it will then send in thousands to die.3. You can never give anyone a break. If you do, they39。ll walk all over you.4. We39。ve got to stop them from banning pornography. Once they start banning one form of literature, they will never stop. Next thing you know, they will be burning all the books!11. appeal to emotionYou attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or pelling argument.Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It39。s important to note that sometimes a logically coherent argument may inspire emotion or have an emotional aspect, but the problem and fallacy occurs when emotion is used instead of a logical argument, or to obscure the fact that no pelling rational reason exists for one39。s position. Everyone, bar sociopaths, is affected by emotion, and so appeals to emotion are a very mon and effective argument tactic, but they39。re ultimately flawed, dishonest, and tend to make one39。s opponents justifiably emotional.Example:Luke didn39。t want to eat his sheep39。s brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。t fortunate enough to have any food at all.12 . ad hominem ,personal attack 人身攻擊You attacked your opponent39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。s case without actually having to engage with it.Example:After Sally presents an eloquent and pelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn39。t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird.第七條：訴諸虛偽13. loaded question 含沙射影You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn39。t be answered without appearing guilty.Loaded question fallacies are particularly effective at derailing rational debates because of their inflammatory nature the recipient of the loaded question is pelled to defend themselves and may appear flustered or on the back foot.Example:Gra