【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 o proof is presented to show that such extreme hypotheticals will in fact occur, this fallacy has the form of an appeal to emotion fallacy by leveraging fear. In effect the argument at hand is unfairly tainted by unsubstantiated conjecture.Example:Colin Closet asserts that if we allow samesex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we39。ll be allowing people to marry their parents, their cars and even monkeys.第六條：人身攻擊 6. ad hominem ,personal attackYou attacked your opponent39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。s case without actually having to engage with it.Example:After Sally presents an eloquent and pelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn39。t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird7. tuquoque(appeal to hypocrisy)You avoided having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser you answered criticism with criticism.Pronounced tookwokwee. Literally translating as 39。you too39。 this fallacy is also known as the appeal to hypocrisy. It is monly employed as an effective red herring because it takes the heat off someone having to defend their argument, and instead shifts the focus back on to the person making the criticism.Example:Nicole identified that Hannah had mitted a logical fallacy, but instead of addressing the substance of her claim, Hannah accused Nicole of mitting a fallacy earlier on in the conversation.第八條：個(gè)人懷疑8. personal incredulityBecause you found something difficult to understand, or are unaware of how it works, you made out like it39。s probably not true.Complex subjects like biological evolution through natural selection require some amount of understanding before one is able to make an informed judgement about the subject at hand。 this fallacy is usually used in place of that understanding.Example:Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and with effusive disdain asked Richard if he really thought we were stupid enough to believe that a fish somehow turned into a human through just, like, random things happening over time.第九條：片面謬誤9. special pleadingYou moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.Humans are funny creatures and have a foolish aversion to being wrong. Rather than appreciate the benefits of being able to change one39。s mind through better understanding, many will invent ways to cling to old beliefs. One of the most mon ways that people do this is to postrationalize a reason why what they thought to be true must remain to be true. It39。s usually very easy to find a reason to believe something that suits us, and it requires integrity and genuine honesty with oneself to examine one39。s own beliefs and motivations without falling into the trap of justifying our existing ways of seeing ourselves and the world around us.Example:Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 39。abilities39。 were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work.第十條：誘導(dǎo)性問(wèn)題 plex questions 10. loaded question You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn39。t be answered without appearing guilty.Loaded question fallacies are particularly effective at derailing rational debates because of their inflammatory nature the recipient of the loaded question is pelled to defend themselves and may appear flustered or on the back foot.Example:Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.第十一條：舉證責(zé)任11. burden of proofYou said that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.The burden of proof lies with someone who is making a claim, and is not upon anyone else to disprove. The inability, or disinclination, to disprove a claim does not render that claim valid, nor give it any credence whatsoever. However it is important to note that we can never be certain of anything, and so we must assign value to any claim based on the available evidence, and to dismiss something on the basis that it hasn39。t been proven beyond all doubt is also fallacious reasoning.Example:Bertr