【正文】 Jason said that that was all cool and everything, but his grandfather smoked, like, 30 cigarettes a day and lived until 97 so don39。 it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good or ideal.Many 39。 example. This kind of postrationalization is a way of avoiding valid criticisms of one39。t influenced by what happened before.Example:abilities39。Colin Closet asserts that if we allow samesex couples to marry, then the next thing we know we39。第一條：稻草人1. strawman/straw manYou misrepresented someone39。s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。t care about the environment, the world will die in 50 years.最好不要用這兩者來(lái)類比。 obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency.后面第二部分列舉的僅供以后學(xué)習(xí)參考?！　±纾篩oung children are like flowersflowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.t want to eat his sheep39。s not very good.Example:s brains with chopped liver and brussel sprouts, but his father told him to think about the poor, starving children in a third world country who weren39。s usually very easy to find a reason to believe something that suits us, and it requires integrity and genuine honesty with oneself to examine one39。 occur to statistically independent phenomena such as roulette wheel spins.This monly believed fallacy can be said to have helped create an entire city in the desert of Nevada USA. Though the overall odds of a 39。s belief is rendered unfalsifiable because no matter how pelling the evidence is, one simply shifts the goalposts so that it wouldn39。The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo39。s testimony as opposed to understanding plex data and variation across a continuum. Quantitative scientific measures are almost always more accurate than personal perceptions and experiences, but our inclination is to believe that which is tangible to us, and/or the word of someone we trust over a more 39。 fallacy is coined after a marksman shooting randomly at barns and then painting bullseye targets around the spot where the most bullet holes appear, making it appear as if he39。good39。s or someone39。re only a silly old superstition. Sean, however, had had a few too many Guinness himself and fell off his chair.第十五條：訴諸權(quán)威15. appeal to authorityYou said that because an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.It39。Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was having any problems with a drug habit.第十一條：舉證責(zé)任11. burden of proofYou said that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.The burden of proof lies with someone who is making a claim, and is not upon anyone else to disprove. The inability, or disinclination, to disprove a claim does not render that claim valid, nor give it any credence whatsoever. However it is important to note that we can never be certain of anything, and so we must assign value to any claim based on the available evidence, and to dismiss something on the basis that it hasn39。s case without actually having to engage with it.Example:s much easier to present your own position as being reasonable, but this kind of dishonesty serves to undermine honest rational debate.Example:t married, was once arrested, and smells a bit weird.第七條：訴諸虛偽13. loaded question 含沙射影You asked a question that had a presumption built into it so that it couldn39。Examples of Slippery Slope1. We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they39?！　±纾篒f TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV.　　 (Contradictory Premises)　　例如：McDonald39?！　↑c(diǎn)評(píng)：抒情是不能當(dāng)作論證的?！　?(Bandwagon)re ultimately flawed, dishonest, and tend to make one39。t true39。s opponents justifiably emotional.Example: this fallacy is usually used in place of that understanding.Example: and so he naturally presumed that it would be fine to park there.第十三條：賭徒謬誤13. the gambler39。t a primate).第十六條：合成謬誤16. position/division 合成謬誤You assumed that one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it。Whilst rallying support for his plan to fundamentally undermine citizens39。artificial3