【正文】 增值稅概述 作為政府收入的主要來源的增值稅正在被 130 多個國家所使用。 and revamp centrallocal revenue sharing arrangements. Among its key provisions was a major reform in indirect taxes that extended the valueadded tax (VAT) to allturnover, eliminating the product tax and replacing the business tax in many services. It simplified the tax structure and unified treatment of taxpayers for some taxes. The centerpiece of the package was introduction of the Tax Sharing System (fenshuizhi), which fundamentally changed the way revenues are shared between the central and provincial governments. Under the Tax Sharing System (TSS), taxes were reassigned between the centraland local governments. Central taxes (or central fixed ines) include customs duties, the consumption tax, VAT revenues collected by customs, ine taxes from central enterprises,banks and nonbank financial intermediaries。 sales taxes exclude or exempt many intermediate transactions. The 1994 Tax Sharing Reform The fiscal reform of 1994 was a fairly prehensive package of measures designed to address three areas of concern: to stem the fiscal decline and provide adequate revenues for government, especially central government。s stage would simply escape the VAT, resulting in a decrease in government revenue due to the exemption. Overview of Retail Sales and Use Tax Before considering some of the similarities and differences between VAT and the retail sales tax (RST), this column next considers a typical retail sales tax system. The retail sales and use tax imposed by . states is generally levied on all retail sales of tangible personal property that are not explicitly exempted. For services, only those explicitly enumerated are taxable (Warren, Gorham and Lamont 1998)). The tax is generally stated on the sales receipt and is collected from the consumer at the point of sale. The retailer is responsible for remitting the tax collected to the 山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 6 tax authorities. In 3 theory, retail sales tax is a singlestage tax imposed on the ultimate consumer, which means that the tax should apply only to final sales for personal use and consumption. Accordingly, intermediate transactions in the economic process are excluded from the scope of the sales tax. Using the same bread production example above, sales tax would be imposed only on the final stage of production as the grocer is selling the bread to the ultimate consumer. However, under the . sales tax system, the general sales tax is not confined to transfers to ultimate consumers of final products manufactured in the economic process. For example, absent an exemption, sales tax is imposed on the baker39。 however, no nation employs a VAT with this tax base for administrative, political, or social reasons (Schenk and Old man at 46). Thus, VAT provides exemptions or applies zero tax rating to certain transactions. Exemption means that the trader does not collect VAT on its sales and does not receive credits for VAT paid on its purchases of inputs. Zero rating means that a trader is liable for an actual rate of VAT, which happens to be zero, and receives credit for input VAT paid. Like transactions, potential taxpayers can be exempt or zero rated. An exempt trader is not part of the VAT system and is instead treated as a final purchaser. A zerorated business does not collect VAT on sales but is pensated for any input VAT it pays. However, if the exemption occurs at the last stage of production, there is a corresponding decrease in VAT revenue because there is no shifting and increase of tax burden。 however, VAT has bee widely recognized as an important option in federal tax reform debates. Indirect taxes such as value added taxes (VAT) generate a substantial part of tax revenue in many countries. In fact, VAT systems generate a quarter of the world’s tax revenue. Nearly 130 countries now have a VAT system (with over 70 countries having adopted the system during the last 10 years) (Keen and Mintz 2020). More focus on internationally mobile tax bases has drawn attention to directing more of the tax burden to indirect taxes such as consumption taxes or VAT systems, and less to ine taxes, especially capital ine (Gordon and Nielsen 1997). During the harmonization of EU taxes, indirect taxes, and VAT systems received much attention (Fehr et al. 1995). A general VAT law covering all private goods and services characterizes the current EU system, but there are still many exemptions from this general a VAT system also exists in Norway as a consequence of the Norwegian VAT reform in 2020. The reform introduced a general VAT law on services, but many exemptions are still speci?ed. There are several arguments in favor of a general and uniform VAT system, pared with imperfect, nonuniform (and nongeneral) systems. Such a syst