【正文】 its force is identical with the speaker’s act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative :relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:.‖Mary is running‖entails,among other things,‖Mary is not standing still‖. munication: a plete characterization of munication is that it is principle of relevance:every act of ostensive munication municates the presumption of its own optimal : a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it municates,must,in the nature of munication,necessarily。one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological : an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or : an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or act: the act of saying something。what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a ―recognition lexicon‖in which each word is represented by a full and independent‖recognistion element‖.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated。sell,lend,borrow,above,below, opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial are always two entities presupposes the shorter,better。small,fat。any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in ,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural : any morpheme or bination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, plural morpheme in ―dog’s‖. morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent :A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(.‖dog in the manger‖): a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and : a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many : a relatively plex form of pounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two : a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they : a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully : a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is : is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified : the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological : an abnormal type of wordformation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the : the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.‖contact‖or‖contiguous‖: the influence one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds bee less alike,or etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous :parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituentsword groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its structure: the final stage in the syn