【正文】 precedesfollowingforSpeechwritings?speechmodernpriority現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。view.pointalanguagetobewillstudied,areastatesthelanguage.thefocusingmainlylinguisticsdiachronic?synchroniclinguisticswrittenon‘isprescriptive.grammar其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。spokenandonareitsisModerngrammar?fromlinguisticsmakes3.sweet‘.smellnameanyroseisofthetotypicaltheuprelationshipanyandatandoftacitonlylanguage,naturetheillustrationaobjectthewordshavedifferentfactsoundswhichobjectsandpeoplesoundsbetweenintrinsicisthatthearbitraryLanguagearbitrary?languagewe非考試要求內(nèi)容ofinofPragmaticstheabstraction.meaningstudyassimplyastructurethethatofaSyntaxit39。formed.wordsbythewordsstructurethewhichabranchMorphologyIt‘sfall.whichpatternsandaoccursoundsofsystems—theofPhonologythelanguages.theoccursoundsallconcernedlanguage,mediumthestudyasPhoneticsit‘sstudy?doeslinguistics?branchesare ⑷but when the target language functions as a second language, an instrumental motivation is more effective. many morphemes are there in the English language? state what they are and illustrate how they work? ⑴there are two: free and bound morphemes. ⑵free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. ⑶bound morphemes are those that cant be used independently but have to bined with other morphemes. ⑷either free or bound, to form a word, it includes 2types: A root is often seen as part of a word,it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning, it must be bined with another root or an affix to form a word. ⑸Affixes are morphemes that are added to an already existing morpheme to form a new word while changing its meaning and grammatical relations. it consists of both inflectional and derivational affixes, 音素、音位、音位變體的定義及關(guān)系Explain with examples 3notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, how they are related. ⑴A phone is a speech sound, it is a phonetic unit. any sound we hear in the course of munication is a phone, such as [ u:],[ l ]。 超切分特征區(qū)分意義。 三、問答題 what cortical regions are speech and language thought to be localized? In what have e to be known as Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and angular gyrus, all located in the left hemisphere of the brain. In your opinion does language relate thought and culture? Language doesn’t determine the way the speaker perceives the world, but largely functions as a means by which information can be stored and received, by which a culture transmits its belief, values and norms, and by which the speaker interacts other members of the cultures. the processes of language perception, prehension and production. It’s been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing, understanding and then saying a word would follow a definite pattern, when we listen, the word is heard and prehended via Wernicke’s area, this signal is then transferred to Broca’s area where preparations are made to produce it. A signal is then sent to the motor area controlling the vocal tract to physically articulate the word. When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and sent to Broca’s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area. Interference from the mother tongue: Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicated by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages. Interlingual interference: Interlingual interference，or crossassociation, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produce hybrid structures. Overgeneralization： The use of previously available strategies in new situations, . the application of a particular pattern or rule of the target language in many other linguistic situations二、問答題 is the word order in Modern English more rigid than that in Old English? Because in Modern English there are no longer the elaborate morphological system used in Old English, such as the case marking system, to help to indicate grammatical relations. therefore, it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns by their inflectional endings. The functional notions of subject and object have to be indicated largely by the syntactic position of nouns in a linear order, resulting in a system with stricter constraints on word order. features of language do you think should be included in a good, prehensive definition of language? Language is a rulegoverned system. Language is basically vocal. Language is arbitrary. Language is used for human munication. ’s Broca’s area and what will happen if any damage is inflicted upon it? ⑴In 1861, a French surgeon and anatomist Paul Broca discovered that somewhere in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere had something to do with speech difficulty. this place is known as Broca’s area. ⑵Any damage to sites in the left cerebral hemisphere will result in a patient’s language disorder, whereas destruction of corresponding sites in the right hemisphere leave linguistic capacities intact. ⑶Therefore if any damage is inflicted upon this area, it will result in word finding difficulties and problems with syntax. briefly your understanding of the differences between the term acquisition and the term learning in language acquisition study? ⑴The distinction between acquisition and learning was proposed by the American SLA scholar Stephen Krashen on the assumption that they are different processes. ⑵Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily municative situations. ⑶Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. ⑷It’s recognized that child