正式文體與非正式文體(參考版)
2025-05-19 00:24本頁(yè)面
【正文】 了解這兩種文體的差異，能幫助我們?cè)谘哉Z(yǔ)交際中作到恰當(dāng)、得體。 POLITE: Shall I call a taxi ? for you? ? INFORMAL: Do you want me to call a ? taxi for you? ? 對(duì)正式文體與非正式文體的考察與識(shí)別是個(gè)十分復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題。 使用其它結(jié)構(gòu)就不能反映說(shuō)話人的這種心理狀態(tài)。m wrong—that your studies of language have led you to the conclusion that there are certain. . . mon. . . underlying structures mon to all languages which constitute something like a universal grammar? ? Chomsky: Yes. It seems to me that the evidence available to us suggests that there must be some very deep... inborn principles, probably of a highly restrictive nature that determine how knowledge of a language emerges in an individual given the very scattered and degenerate data available to him. ? Hampshire: Your evidence is derived really from learning, the study of learning language? ? Chomsky: It seems to me that if you want to study learning in a serious way, what one really has to do is to study a sort of inputoutput situation. We have an anism of which we know nothing, we know what kind of data is available to it, we can discover that, and the first question we must then try to answer is what kind of a mental ..., structure does the anism develop when that evidence is presented to it? ? (對(duì)話中的 … 表示停頓 ) ? 交際雙方的心理狀態(tài)也是考察運(yùn)用正式文體或非正式文體的二種重要因素。 下面是美國(guó)著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家 Noam Chomsky 與哲學(xué)家 Stuart Hampshire 的一段談話， 所用的語(yǔ)言具有明顯的正式文體色彩。 所以宗教界使用的英語(yǔ)、 法律文件、 科技文獻(xiàn)等常具有正式文體的色彩。 ? 從交際內(nèi)容上看， 具有政治性、歷史性、 宗教性或?qū)I(yè)性的內(nèi)容，一般需用正式文體予以表現(xiàn)。t really develop further in the job. ? 對(duì)話 (1) 中的 A 和 B 是同學(xué)，彼此十分熟識(shí)，談話很隨便 。t you sit down, ? please? ? Roberts: Thank you very much. ? Clerk: I see that you were a manager for the ? Overton Paper Products Company. ? Roberts : Yes, I was. For seven years. ? Clerk: Weren39。d bet he gets his tests from old ? Ph. D. exam. Wouldn39。exam. ? A: Oh, yeah, but that Davison... He39。雙方若很熟悉 ， 則使用非正式文體 ， 試比較下面兩個(gè)對(duì)話 : ? (1) A: Eh, can you beat that? (=Can you pass the ? examination?) ? B: I read my eyes out last night. Couldn39。 下列兩句中旬 (1)是出自長(zhǎng)輩之口 。 ? 從交際雙方的社會(huì)身份來(lái)看 ， 長(zhǎng)輩 對(duì) 晚輩 說(shuō)話時(shí)常使甩隨意的 、 非正式文體 。 ? 在以上的討論中 ， 我們強(qiáng)調(diào)了一點(diǎn) ， 即正式文體與非正式文體 是由交際場(chǎng)合決定的 。 一般場(chǎng)合下則慣用 tired 一詞 。 Worn out ? 在正式文體中用 fatigued 或 exhausled。 也不能說(shuō)用 bushed （美口：疲勞不堪的） 或 pooped （俚語(yǔ)： 疲乏的、筋疲力盡的 ） 劣于 tired 這個(gè)詞。 ? 還應(yīng)該注意的是，用在正式文體的語(yǔ)言成分與用在非正式文體中的語(yǔ)言成分并無(wú) “ 優(yōu) ” 、 “ 劣 ” 之 分。 smart顯然比 on the ball正式些，但與 intelligent相比， smart則又顯得不那么正式。 smart 與 on the ball 則具有非正式文體色彩。 在它們之間存在著一個(gè) “ 正式 ” 或 “ 非正式 ” 的等級(jí) (a scale of formality or informality)。它們之間的語(yǔ)言差異是在特定的使用場(chǎng)合下相 比較而存在的 。s convenience. So from now on, we39。 這里 ， 我們不妨引用兩個(gè)內(nèi)容相同但文體色彩不同的通知 ， 供讀者進(jìn)行比較 : ? Smoking is hazardous to health. Announcement from the Librarian ? ? (1) ? It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are requested to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and returning of books, and to bear in mind the needs
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