【導讀】高效的目的和其性能的目的。動的最終衡量產(chǎn)出的質(zhì)量水平。這不是購買的最昂貴的材料或服務(wù)在市場上。這是每一個項目管理過程的一部分從項目啟動到項。消除不必要的活動；它實現(xiàn)，通過對向受益人提供材料和服務(wù)質(zhì)量的持續(xù)改進。和隱含的質(zhì)量需要用于定義項目要求從供者和受益者的輸入。相關(guān)利益者的期望值并符合工程設(shè)計和規(guī)范?？蓱z的項目評估的原因之一是該項目的重點。是在會議的書面要求的主要輸出，忽略了其他利益相關(guān)者的需求和期望的項目。按時交付項目的范圍和預算是不夠的，實現(xiàn)利益相關(guān)者滿意的項目必須。與所有利益相關(guān)者建立一個良好的工作關(guān)系，了解他們的明確的或隱含的需要。識別質(zhì)量標準是一個關(guān)鍵組成部分的質(zhì)量的定義，將有助于確定將項目活動，確保受益人和供者將接受的項目成果管理的關(guān)鍵特征。這是符合項目的最終目標，項目的結(jié)果必須滿足規(guī)。檢查表將確保項目團隊和其他演員提供項目輸出根據(jù)質(zhì)量要求。

　　

【正文】 to improving it. In contrast, quality assurance is a systematic approach to obtaining quality standards. Quality assurance is something that must be planned for from the earliest stages of a project, with appropriate measures taken at every stage. Unfortunately far too many development projects are implemented with no quality assurance plan, and these projects often fail to meet quality expectations of the donor and beneficiaries. To avoid problem the project must be able to demonstrate the consistent pliance with Action Plan Check Do 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 15 the quality requirements for the project. Quality control is the use of techniques and activities that pare actual quality performance with goals and define appropriate action in response to a shortfall. It is the process that monitors specific project results to determine if they ply with relevant standards and identifies different approaches to eliminate the causes for the unsatisfactory performance. The goal of quality control is to improve quality and involves monitoring the project outputs to determine if they meet the quality standards or definitions based on the project stake holder’s expectations. Quality control also includes how the project performs in its efforts to manage scope, budget and schedule ? Acceptance。 The beneficiaries, the donor or other key project stakeholders accept or reject the product or service delivered. Acceptance occurs after the beneficiaries or donor has had a change to evaluate the product or service ? Rework。 is the action taken to bring the rejected product or service into pliance with the requirements, quality specifications or stakeholder expectations. Rework is expensive that is why the project must make every effort to do a good job in quality planning and quality assurance to avoid the need for rework. Rework and all the costs associated with it may not refundable by the donor and the anization may end up covering those costs. ? Adjustments。 correct or take the necessary steps to prevent further quality problems or defects based on quality control measurements. Adjustments are identified to the processes that produce the outputs and the decisions that were taken that lead to the defects and errors. Changes are taken to the Change Control processes of the project. 9 Quality Control Tools There are a couple of good tools that can be used to control quality on a project, these are cause and effect diagrams, Pareto charts and control charts: ? Cause and Effect Diagram, also known as fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams (named after Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control statistician, who developed the concept in the 1960s, and is considered one of the seven basic tools of quality management) It is named fishbone diagram because of their fishlike appearance, it is an analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking at effects and the causes that create or contribute to those effects. The Ishikawa Diagram is employed by a problemsolving team as a tool for assembling all inputs (as to what are the causes of the problem they39。re addressing) systematically and graphically, with the inputs usually ing from a brainstorming session. It enables the team to focus on why the problem occurs, and not on the history or symptoms of the problem, or 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 16 other topics that digress from the intent of the session. It also displays a realtime 39。snapshot39。 of the collective inputs of the team as it is updated. The possible causes are presented at various levels of detail in connected branches, with the level of detail increasing as the branch goes outward, ., an outer branch is a cause of the inner branch it is attached to. Thus, the outermost branches usually indicate the root causes of the problem. Figure 2 Cause and effect diagram ? Pareto Charts。 based on Pareto’s rule, which states that 80 percent of the problems are often due to20 percent of the causes. The assumption is that most of the results in any situation are determined by a small number of causes and helps identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems. The chart is a form of histogram that orders the data by frequency of occurrence。 it shows how many defects were generated by a type of category of identified cause. For example to determine the errors in the collection of beneficiary data the project team identified five causes and for each cause the frequency they contained errors, the data is plotted as shown in the chart below, the bars represent each category and the line the cumulative percentage of the errors, the chart allows to identify that 80% of the errors could be reduced just by improving the collection of data in two categories instead of focusing efforts to correct all categories. 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 16 10 Continuous Improvement Quality is not something that is do neat the end of a phase or at the end of the project, is a continuous process to ensure quality is performed in all aspects of the project. The goal is to continuously improve based on the lessons learned and new insights provided the project. To be effective it should happen during all activities of the project. Continuous improvement, in regard to project quality always focuses on improving stakeholder satisfaction through continuous and incremental improvements to processes, including the removal of any unnecessary activities. By applying a process that continuously improves every element of the project can achieve better results than trying to wait until the end of a phase or a mid term evaluation to start making adjustments and improvements to the work. It requires little effort and by doing small incremental improvements the project can reach signifi