【正文】 定義。 另一個從受益人的質(zhì)量源；項目團隊必須能夠了解如何定義的受益者，從他們的角度看，質(zhì)量，更關注的是適合使用，項目是當前的受益者，需要相關的結果應該改善他們的生活。質(zhì)量特性與屬性，措施和方法連接到特定的產(chǎn)品或服務。訓練應該是完整的，包括所有的材料需要建立所需的技能和知識 ?一致性，服務都是以同樣的方式為每個受益人。 質(zhì)量計劃也包括程序以確保質(zhì)量標準正在遵循所有項目人員。我們的目標是減少，將服務或產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差的項目完成后的機會。部分審計可能包括對質(zhì)量的參數(shù)或指標的工程人員理解的審查，并在生產(chǎn)或提供的產(chǎn)品或服務的負責人技能的專業(yè)技術和知識。 PDCA是監(jiān)測質(zhì)量保證的一種有效的方法，分析了存在的條件和方法用于提供產(chǎn)品 或服務的受益者。代理可能意味著全面修改在傳遞過程中，為了正確的技術缺陷。 質(zhì)量控制是技術和活動，比較實際的質(zhì)量性能與目標和響應一個缺口定義適當?shù)男袆邮褂?。改變了項目的變更管理過程 9 質(zhì)量控制工具 有一對很好的工具，可以用來控制一個項目的質(zhì)量，這些都是原因和效果圖，帕累托圖，控制圖： ?因果圖，又稱為魚骨圖或石川圖（命名為石川，日本的質(zhì)量控制人員，誰開發(fā)的概念在 20世紀 60年代，被認為是質(zhì)量管理的七個基本工具）為魚骨圖，因為他們的魚一樣的外觀，它是一種分析工具提供的看著的影響及其產(chǎn)生的原因，有助于創(chuàng)造或影響一個系統(tǒng)的方法。圖表是一種形式的直方圖，訂單的發(fā)生頻率數(shù)據(jù)；它顯示有多少缺陷的類型確定導致生成的類。 實施持續(xù)改進，還有文化的反射，使項 目組從錯誤中學習和運用于下一階段或周期的教訓，不花時間和精力去埋怨是有必要的，否則，該隊將恐懼報告質(zhì)量的任何問題，這將是一次捐助或受益人發(fā)現(xiàn)太晚做任何事情。 and that all planned actions are being done to provide adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy the stated requirements for quality. Quality Assurance is a process to provide confirmation based on evidence to ensure to the donor, beneficiaries, anization management and other stakeholders that product meet needs, expectations, and other requirements. It assures the existence and effectiveness of process and procedures tools, and safeguards are in place to make sure that the expected levels of quality will be reached to produce quality outputs. Quality assurance occurs during the implementation phase of the project and includes the evaluation of the overall performance of the project on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the quality standards defined by the project. One of the purposes of quality management is to find errors and defects as early 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 13 in the project as possible. Therefore, a good quality management process will end up taking more effort hours and cost upfront. The goal is to reduce the chances that products or services will be of poor quality after the project has been pleted. Quality assurance is done not only to the products and services delivered by the project but also to the process and procedures used to manage the project, that includes the way the project uses the tools, techniques and methodologies to manage scope, schedule, budget and quality. Quality assurance also includes the project meets any legal or regulatory standards. 6 Quality Audits Quality audits are structured reviews of the quality management activities that help identify lessons learned that can improve the performance on current or future project activities. Audits are performed by project staff or consultants with expertise in specific areas. The purpose of quality audit is to review how the project is using its internal processes to produce the products and services it will deliver to the beneficiaries. Its goal is to find ways to improve the tools, techniques and processes that create the products and services. If problems are detected during the quality audits, corrective action will be necessary to the tools, processes and procedures used to ensure quality is reestablished. Part of the audit may include a review of the project staff understanding of the quality parameters or metrics, and skills expertise and knowledge of the people in charge of producing or delivering the products or services. If corrective actions are needed, these must be approved through the change control processes. 7 The PDCA Cycle The most popular tool used to determine quality assurance is the Shewhart Cycle. This cycle for quality assurance consists of four steps: Plan, Do, Check, and Act. These steps are monly abbreviated as PDCA. The four quality assurance steps within the PDCA model stand for: ? Plan: Establish objectives and processes required to deliver the desired results. ? Do: Implement the process developed. ? Check: Monitor and evaluate the implemented process by testing the results against the predetermined objectives ? Act: Apply actions necessary for improvement if the results require changes. The PDCA is an effective method for monitoring quality assurance because it 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 14 analyzes existing conditions and methods used to provide the product or service to beneficiaries. The goal is to ensure that excellence is inherent in every ponent of the process. Quality assurance also helps determine whether the steps used to provide the product or service is appropriate for the time and conditions. In addition, if the PDCA cycle is repeated throughout the lifetime of the project helping improve internal efficiency. He PDCA cycle is shown below as a neverending cycle of improvement。 of the collective inputs of the team as it is updated. The possible causes are presented at various levels of detail in connected branches, with the level of detail increasing as the branch goes outward, ., an outer branch is a cause of the inner branch it is attached to. Thus, the outermost branches usually indicate the root causes of the problem. Figure 2 Cause and effect diagram ? Pareto Charts。 is the action taken to bring the rejected product or service into pliance with the requirements, quality specifications or stakeholder expectations. Rework is expensive that is why the project must make every effort to do a good job in quality planning and quality assurance to avoid the need for rework. Rework and all the costs associated with it may not refundable by the donor and the anization may end up covering those costs. ? Adjustments。 which means that the product or services must meet the intended objectives of the project and have a value to the donor and beneficiaries and that the beneficiaries can use the material or service as it was originally intended. The central focus of quality management is meeting or exceeding stake holder’s expectation sand 中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院 2021 屆畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯