【導(dǎo)讀】它作為一種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，贏得了語(yǔ)言學(xué)界的廣泛關(guān)注。幽默的產(chǎn)生離不開(kāi)語(yǔ)言本身的規(guī)律。本文從語(yǔ)用學(xué)中的合作原則和語(yǔ)用預(yù)設(shè)。通過(guò)對(duì)一系列幽默會(huì)話的分析，得出了通過(guò)違反合。中的任何一個(gè)都可能產(chǎn)生幽默的效果。尬的出現(xiàn)，并且在實(shí)際生活和學(xué)習(xí)中也是起著舉足輕重的作用。

　　

【正文】 umed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context. While studying this feature, one can never just analysis sentences without concerning about the context. The Violation of Appropriateness and Humor Examples of violating Appropriateness in everyday life can be seen frequently. For instance: A mother saw her threeyearold son put a coin in his mouth and swallowed it. She immediately picked him up, turned him upside down and hit him on the back, whereupon he coughed up two coins. Frantically, she called to the father outside. “Your son just swallowed a coin and coughed up tow coins!” 三江學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)論文 12 “What shall I do?” Yelled back the father, “Keep feeding him coins!” In this example, the surprised mother did not see her son ate other coins and was almost mad by the little boy’s action. Her husband could do nothing but to conditioning the tense atmosphere and amuse her by saying “Keep feeding him coins!” It is mon sense that nobody would eat coins, but just put it into the context, the speaker can be understood and produces humorous impact. Here is another one: After the family had finished their dinner in a restaurant, father called over the waiter. “My son has left quite a lot of meat on the plate,” he said. “Could you give me a bag so that I can take it home for the dog?” “But, Dad,” shouted the son, “have we got a dog?” In this example, it is obvious that the father and the son do not reach a presupposition which is mutually known or assumed by them two, and the son’s words doesn’t possess the current social appropriateness. The father wanted to take the meat home for another dinner by saying “Could you give me a bag so that I can take it home for the dog”. However, the son did not catch his intention and was confused. Finally the son’s question embarrassed his father in front of the waiter. Thus humor is created. The Defeasibility and Humor The Maxim of Defeasibility Often presupposition is denied in certain contexts, either immediate linguistic context or the less immediate discourse context, or in circumstances where contrary assumptions are made. This is called defeasibility. Sometimes the speaker may give a certain presupposition firstly, and in the following utterance he/she will present a new supposition which is just in the contrary 三江學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)論文 13 with the former one or just deny it directly. Frequently such kind of suspense is set on purpose to create humor. The Violation of Defeasibility and Humor In daily life, human beings often violate Defeasibility to create humor, examples will be given to analyze the relationship between Defeasibility and humor. For instance: One neighbor is always playing record loudly at night. The man could not bear it any more, so he decides to remain him of being quiet. “May I borrow your record player tonight?” he asked his neighbor. “Sure. Do you want to listen to some music?” “No,” he answered. “Tonight I want to have some peace and quiet.” In this example， the man was intended to have a quiet night by saying “May I borrow your record player tonight?”. The presupposition is that: “I want to borrow your record”. And when hearing it, his neighbor thought he was just intended to use his record. However, at last the speaker denied the former presupposition—he just wanted his neighbor to stop playing record. Hence, readers or audience may laugh at the embarrassed neighbor and humor es into being. Let’s take another humor for example: Journalist: “Could you tell us why do you jump into the river to save that boy?” Hero: “I had to do so, because he was wearing my coat.” Here the journalist is asking the hero why to save the little boy. The presupposition implicates that the hero was so great that he saved a boy’s life. Maybe everyone speaks highly of the hero’s dignity and is waiting for his grandiloquence while he said that he just had to save his coat. The last utterance’s presupposition is absolutely against what it should be, and it certainly fails to satisfy other’s expectation. Readers or audiences 三江學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)論文 14 have nothing to do but laugh. 4 Conclusion Above all, humor is very useful in munication. And we can obviously get the conclusion that violating each principle and character of the Cooperative Principle and Presupposition can create humor. These principles contribute a lot to the study of language and crossculture munication, especially in the area of munication and language of humor. Besides, it is with these principles, people may pay more attention to the quality, quantity, appropriateness of their utterances. Thus speakers are more likely to reach successful munication. What’s more, once acquiring these principles, speakers will have a good knowledge of municating skills and avoiding embarrassment with the application of humor in daily life. All in all, pragmatic theories are of great significance in creating humor and they are very practical in daily munication. 三江學(xué)院 2021屆本科生畢業(yè)論文 15 References Attardo, Salvatore. (1993). Violation of conversational maxims and cooperation the case of jokes, journal of pragmatics, 19, 537558. Attardo, S. amp。 V. Raskin. (1991). Scrip Theory revisited: Joke simility and joke representation model. Humor: International journal of humor research. 4, 293347. Zhu, Y [ 朱躍 ], (2021, May). Semantics, Article 2, from Dai, W. D. [戴煒棟 ], amp。 He, Z. X. [何兆熊 ], 2021, 新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程 . 上 海 : 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 . Han, M. [韓蜜 ], 2021, 論笑話中預(yù)設(shè)現(xiàn)象所引發(fā)的幽默效果 . 北化大學(xué) . Tan, Y. L. [談云雷 ], 2021，談《阿 Q 正傳》中預(yù)設(shè)的幽默 . 常州：常州工學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào) . Tan, Y. X. 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