地鐵車站設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-資料下載頁(yè)
【導(dǎo)讀】我國(guó)地鐵建設(shè)事業(yè)起步較晚,其發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)相當(dāng)曲折的過(guò)程。我國(guó)開始籌備北京地鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè),于1969年10月建成北京地。鐵1號(hào)線,全長(zhǎng)23.6km。隨后建設(shè)了天津地鐵、哈。爾濱人防隧道等工程。我國(guó)僅有北京、上海、廣州等幾個(gè)大城市規(guī)劃建設(shè)地鐵。90年代,一批省會(huì)城市開始籌劃建設(shè)地鐵。由于項(xiàng)目多且造價(jià)高,1995年12月。國(guó)務(wù)院發(fā)布國(guó)辦60號(hào)文,暫停了地鐵項(xiàng)目的審批。地鐵交通設(shè)備國(guó)產(chǎn)化政策。該階段為政府通過(guò)研究制定相關(guān)政策來(lái)指導(dǎo)地鐵的規(guī)。隨后在80年代末,國(guó)家制定的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策再次明確其在基本建。設(shè)中的重要地位。新世紀(jì)開始,國(guó)家首次把“發(fā)展地鐵交通”列入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)“十五”。計(jì)劃發(fā)展綱要,并作為拉動(dòng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的重大戰(zhàn)略。交通線路89條,總建設(shè)里程為2500km,投資規(guī)模達(dá)99373億元。目前,中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)城市的地鐵建設(shè)十分迅速。在改革開放的時(shí)代潮流推動(dòng)下,中國(guó)地鐵正走向成熟、繁榮。行驗(yàn)證，必要時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況修改設(shè)計(jì)。防空工程設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》的規(guī)定進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
【正文】 s translation of Burn’s “A Red, Red Rose” brought him fame as a verse translator. At the same time, he published about ten papers on the translation of poems. Some argue that poems cannot be translated. Frost stresses that poetry might get lost in translation. According to Wang, verse translation is possible and necessary, for “The poettranslator brings over some exciting work from another culture and in doing so is also writing his own best work, thereby adding something to his culture. In this transmission and exchange, a richer, more colorful world emerges. ”(Wang, 1991:112). Then how can we translate poems? According to Wang’s understanding, the translation of poems is related to three aspects: A poem’s meaning, poetic art and language. （ 1） A poem’s meaning “Sociocultural differences are formidable enough, but the matter is made much more plex when one realizes that meaning does not consist in the meaning of words only, but also in syntactical structures, speech rhythms, levels of style.” (Wang, 1991:93). （ 2） Poetic art According to Wang, “Bly’s point about the ‘marvelous translation’ being made possible in the United States only after Whitman, Pound and Williams Carlos Williams composed poetry in speech rhythms shows what may be gained when there is a genuine revolution in poetic art.” (Wang, 1991:93). （ 3） Language “Sometimes language stays static and sometimes language stays active. When language is active, it is beneficial to translation” “This would require this kind of intimate understanding, on the part of the translator, of its genius, its idiosyncrasies, its past and present, what it can do and what it choose not to do.” (Wang, 1991:94). Wang expresses the difficulties of verse translation. Frost’s ment is sufficient to prove the difficulty a translator has to grapple with. Maybe among literary translations, the translation of poems is the most difficult thing. Poems are the crystallization of wisdom. The difficulties of poetic prehension lie not only in lines, but also in structure, such as cadence, rhyme, metre, rhythm, all these conveying information. One point merits our attention. Wang not only talks about the times’ poetic art, but also the impact language’s activity has produced on translation. In times when the language is active, translation is prospering. The reform of poetic art has improved the translation quality of poems. For example, around May Fourth Movement, Baihua replaced classical style of writing, so the translation achieved earthshaking success. The relation between the state of language and translation is so
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