【正文】 r 11 / Slide 67 Training Discussion Leaders ? The actions of discussion leaders can “make or break” the decision. ? The use of roleplaying training to develop the leadership skills of discussion leaders can increase the quality and acceptance of group decisions. ? People learn a variety of skills in discussion leader training. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 68 Stimulating and Managing Controversy ? There are a variety of ways to stimulate controversy in decisionmaking groups: – Incorporating members with diverse ideas and backgrounds. – Forming subgroups to “tear the problem apart.” – Establishing norms that favour the open sharing of information. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 69 Stimulating and Managing Controversy (continued) ? These tactics must be managed carefully to ensure that open conflict does not occur. ? A devil’s advocate can be appointed to identify and challenge the weaknesses of a proposed plan or strategy. ? The controversy promoted by the devil’s advocate improves decision quality. ? To be effective, the advocate must present his or her views in an objective, unemotional manner. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 70 Traditional Brainstorming ? Brainstorming is an attempt to increase the number of creative solution alternatives to problems by focusing on idea generation rather than evaluation. ? It was originally conceived as a group technique. ? Research has shown that individuals working alone tend to generate more ideas than when in groups. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 71 Traditional Brainstorming (continued) ? Brainstorming can provide advantages beyond the mere number of ideas generated. ? It has been shown to result in creative and business advantages. ? At IDEO, brainstorming shapes anizational culture, helps retain good talent, and contributes to client confidence. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 72 Electronic Brainstorming ? Electronic brainstorming uses putermediated technology to improve traditional brainstorming practices. ? What happens if people brainstorm as an electronic group? ? Once over the size of two members, electronic brainstorming groups perform better than facetoface groups in terms of both quantity and quality of ideas. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 73 Electronic Brainstorming (continued) ? As electronic groups get larger, they tend to produce more ideas, but the ideasperperson remains stable. ? As facetoface groups get larger, fewer and fewer ideas per person are generated. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 74 Nominal Group Technique (NGT) ? A structured group decisionmaking technique in which ideas are generated without group interaction and then systematically evaluated by the group. ? NGT separates the generation of ideas from their evaluation. ? The main disadvantage is the time and resources required to assemble the group for facetoface interaction. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 75 The Delphi Technique ? A method of pooling a large number of expert judgments by using a series of increasingly refined questionnaires. ? It relies solely on a nominal group – participants do not engage in facetoface interaction. ? Experts provide anizational decision makers with information but do not participate in the actual decision making. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 76 The Delphi Technique (continued) ? The heart of Delphi is a series of questionnaires sent to respondents. ? The main disadvantage is the rather lengthy time frame involved in the questionnaire phases. ? Its effectiveness depends on the writing skills of respondents and their interest in the problem. ? It is an efficient method of pooling a large number of expert judgments while avoiding the problems of conformity and domination that occur in interacting groups. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 11 / Slide 77 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 , March 5, 2023 雨中黃葉樹，燈下白頭人。 11:58:1211:58:1211:583/5/2023 11:58:12 AM 1以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。 :58:1211:58Mar235Mar23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 11:58:1211:58:1211:58Sunday, March 5, 2023 1乍見翻疑夢(mèng)，相悲各問年。 :58:1211:58:12March 5, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國見青山。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58: 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 2023年 3月 上午 11時(shí) 58分 :58March 5, 2023 1行動(dòng)出成果，工作出財(cái)富。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58:125 March 2023 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時(shí)，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 上午 11時(shí) 58分 11:58: 沒有失敗，只有暫時(shí)停止成功！。 , March 5, 2023 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 11:58:1211:58:1211:583/5/2023 11:58:12 AM 1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的積累。 :58:1211:58Mar235Mar23 1世間成事，不求其絕對(duì)圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 11:58:1211:58:1211:58Sunday, March 5, 2023 1不知香積寺，數(shù)里入云峰。 :58:1211:58:12March 5, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58: 1楚塞三湘接，荊門九派通。 2023年 3月 上午 11時(shí) 58分 :58March 5, 2023 1少年十五二十時(shí)，步行奪得胡馬騎。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58:125 March 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來秋。 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 上午 11時(shí) 58分 11:58: 楊柳散和風(fēng)，青山澹吾慮。 , March 5, 2023 閱讀一切好書如同和過去最杰出的人談話。 11:58:1211:58:1211:583/5/2023 11:58:12 AM 1越是沒有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 :58:1211:58Mar235Mar23 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。 11:58:1211:58:1211:58Sunday, March 5, 2023 1知人者智，自知者明。勝人者有力，自勝者強(qiáng)。 :58:1211:58:12March 5, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58: 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過于提升自我。 2023年 3月 上午 11時(shí) 58分 :58March 5, 2023 1業(yè)余生活要有意義，不要越軌。 2023年 3月 5日星期日 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 11:58:125 March 2023 1一個(gè)人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強(qiáng)不息。 上午 11時(shí) 58分 12秒 上午 11時(shí) 58分 11:58: MOMODA POWERPOINT Lorem ipsum dolor sit, eleifend nulla ac, fringilla purus. Nulla iaculis tempor felis amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce id urna blanditut cursus.