【正文】 ts WTO
obligations.panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue remendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Services accounting rate — In teles, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.mercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.GATS — The WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Services.general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.Initial mitments — Trade liberalizing mitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.modes of delivery — How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply。 mode 2: consumption abroad。 mode 3: foreign mercial presence。 and mode 4: movement of natural persons.multimodal — Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially doortodoor services that include international shipping.national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the mitments
accepted — voluntarily or through negotiation — by WTO members.natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as panies and organizations.offer — A country’s proposal for further liberalization.protocols — Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 mitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential — In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises.schedule — “Schedule of Specific Commitments” — A WTO member’s list of mitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.specific mitments — See “schedule”.Regionalism/trade and development ACP — African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement.Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN — Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO — Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam.Cari — The Caribbean Community and Common Market prises 15 countries.CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union — Members apply a mon external tariff (. the EC).EC — European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).EFTA — European Free Trade Association.free trade area — Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from nonmembers (. NAFTA).G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the NonAligned Movement.G77 — Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.GRULAC — Informal group of LatinAmerican members of the WTO.GSP — Generalized System of Preferences — programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.HLM — WTO HighLevel Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs — Leastdeveloped countries.MERCOSUR — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU — Southern African Customs Union prising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.Samp。D — “Special and differential treatment” provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL — United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environment Agenda 21 — The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.Article XX — GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules.Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA — Border tax adjustmentCITES — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. An MEA.CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST — Environmentallysound technology.ESTamp。P — EST and products.ex ante, ex post — Before and after a measure is applied.LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol — An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer.PPM — Process and production method.TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver — Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to ply with normal mitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.