【正文】 售額為 $) ? WalMart was a small niche retailer in the South with only 229 stores and average revenues under $ million (WalMart有 229間店鋪，平均每家年銷售額為 $) ? 10 Years later ? WalMart had ? highest sales per square foot of any discount retailer (最高的每平方尺的銷售額 ) ? highest inventory turnover of any discount retailer (最高的庫存周轉率 ) ? Highest operating profit of any discount retailer. (最高的利潤額 ) ? Today WalMart is the largest and highest profit retailer in the world (世界上最大并且盈利最多的零售商 ) 44 What accounts for WalMart’s remarkable success (成功秘訣 ) ? A focus on satisfying customer needs (專注滿足顧客需要 ) ? providing customers access to goods when and where they want them (給顧客在其需要的時間與地點提供其需要的產品 ) ? cost structures that enable petitive pricing (成本結構使得價格競爭更有優(yōu)勢 ) ? WalMart employed a logistics technique known as crossdocking (使用越庫作業(yè)物流技術 ) ? goods are continuously delivered to warehouses where they are dispatched to stores without ever sitting in inventory. ? This strategy reduced WalMart’s cost of sales significantly and made it possible to offer everyday low prices to their customers. (物流策略顯著減少沃爾瑪?shù)匿N售成本而使其日日低價策略得以實現(xiàn) ) 45 System Characteristics of CrossDocking1 (越庫作業(yè)的系統(tǒng)特征 ) ? Very difficult to manage (很難管理 ) ? Requires advanced information technology. (需要先進的信息技術 ) ? All of WalMart’s distribution centers, suppliers and stores are electronically linked to guarantee that any order is processed and executed in a matter of hours (沃爾瑪所有的配送中心、供應商以及店鋪都通過計算機系統(tǒng)鏈接一起保證訂單處理與執(zhí)行以小時計算 ) ? WalMart operates a private satellitemunications system that sends pointofsale data to all its vendors allowing them to have a clear vision of sales at the stores (沃爾瑪運營一個私有的通信衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)將 POS數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給供應商 ) 46 System Characteristics of CrossDocking2 (越庫作業(yè)的系統(tǒng)特征 ) ? Needs a fast and responsive transportation system (需要一個快速與敏捷的運輸系統(tǒng) ) ? WalMart has a dedicated fleet of 2022 truck that serve their 19 warehouses (沃爾瑪有一個擁有 2022臺卡車服務 19個倉庫的專有車隊 ) ? This allows them to ? ship goods from warehouses to stores in less than 48 hours (從倉庫到店鋪的運輸不到 48個小時 ) ? replenish stores twice a week on average (店鋪一周平均補貨兩次 ) 47 48 Distribution Strategies (配送策略 ) Strategy Attribute Direct Shipment Cross Docking Inventory at Warehouses Risk Pooling Take Advantage Transportation Costs Reduced Inbound Costs Reduced Inbound Costs Holding Costs No Warehouse Costs No Holding Costs Demand Variability Delayed Al location Delayed Allocation Transshipment (轉運 ) ?The shipment of items between different facilities at the same level in the supply chain to meet some immediate need (供應鏈中同一層次的設施之間貨物的運輸以滿足立刻的需求 ) ?Transshipment capability allows the retailer to meet customer demand from the inventory of other retailers (轉運策略運行零售商使用其他零售商的庫存滿足顧客需要 ) 49 50 Centralized and Decentralized Control (集中式與分散式控制 ) ? In a Decentralized System, the Facility can only Use Its Own Information (分散系統(tǒng)中各設施只能使用自己的信息 ) ? In a Centralized System, the Facilities can Share Their Information (集中系統(tǒng)可以共享其各自的信息 ) ? Centralized Organization Allow Information Sharing to Reduce Bullwhip Effect and Improve Forecast (集中式的組織允許信息共享 ， 進而減少牛鞭效應以及提高預測準確度 ) ? Centralized Organization Allow Supply Chain Integration to Reduce Cost and Improve Service Level (集中式的組織允許供應鏈整合 ， 進而減少成本以及提高顧客服務水平 ) Central and Local Facilities (中央與地方設施 ) ?Some Items are Stored at the Central Facility and Others are Stored at the Local Facility within a Efficient Distribution Strategy (在一個有效的配送策略中一些產品會保存在中央設施而另外一些產品會保持在地方設施 ) 51 Considerations of Central vs. Local Facilities (中央與地方設施考慮因素 ) ?Safety stock (安全庫存 ) ?Overhead (人頭費 ) ?Economies of scale (規(guī)模效應 ) ?Lead time (提前期 ) ?Service (服務水平 ) ?Transportation costs (運輸成本 ) ?Advanced information systems (高級信息系統(tǒng) ) 52 Summary (小結 ) ?From Push/Pull to PushPull (從推 /拉式策略到推拉式策略 ) ?PushPull Boundary (推拉邊界 ) ?Efulfillment and Its Logistics Support (電子訂單實現(xiàn)以及物流支持 ) ? Direct Shipping ? Crossdocking ? Warehousing 53 54