【正文】 a very small number of (usually 12) Bank deal, which formed a relationshipbased lending relationship. Longterm trading partners and the relationship between concentration of this type of soft loans to lower the cost of information. Relations between the borrowing is essentially bank lending decisions based on longterm and through various channels of contact accumulation on the borrowing enterprises and owners of the relevant information on the subject. In addition to these information for the deposit and loan business, Clearing and advisory business of direct access, but also from the enterprise stakeholders (shareholders, creditors, employees, suppliers and customers) and where the business munities。 They relate not only to the financial and operating situation. It also incorporates many of the corporate behavior, credibility and character of an owner39。s personal information 2. Banking Merger Small banks to merge with the beginning, so that the benefits of diversity after the merger of banks to enhance ability to resist risks. SMEs thus able to provide more loans, but with the further expansion of the scale, Banks are able to provide loans of large enterprises, and the internal management of increasingly plex, So banks to SMEs loan ratio will drop。 In contrast, small banks by large bank mergers. The new banks will reduce their lending to SMEs。 Similarly, when large mergers between banks, on the loan will be reduced : When small banks are holding bank holding pany, If only the banks did not lose the independent decisionmaking of loans, loans for SMEs may not be reduced。 When foreign bank acquisitions banking, or transregional bank merger, because of cultural differences and the relocation of the center. usually reduce their lending to SMEs。 merger occurs, If the existence or in the region to set up a new alternative to the existing small banks of other small and mediumsized financial institutions, on the loan does not necessarily reduce. The reason is that the original weakened small and medium banks will be transferred to the new institution and to continue to engage in relationshipbased lending. Or, If the merging banks to reduce the credit for SMEs and other small and mediumsized banks will enter the market, expand the credit for SMEs, others to withdraw from the occupied market. 39。s market forces In the bankenterprise relationships, Bank deposit and lending business enterprises and longterm credit contracts so that enterprises conversion foundation for the banks to the high cost, and have some control over it. Meanwhile, the savings and loan market because all contracts are anonymous, so that all deposits and loans difficult to sell directly, limit of the deposit and loan market petition, the savings and loan market petition is not pletely free petition, and more like the monopoly It will also strengthen market forces. SME market forces to the benefit of both the credit side there are adverse side 附錄二:外文參考文獻節(jié)選翻譯 美國經(jīng)濟學家 Berger(Udel 1, 2002)銀行為緩解金融交易中信息問題而開發(fā)出的貸款技術(shù)分為四類:財務報表性貸款、抵押擔保型貸款、信用評分技術(shù)貸款及關(guān)系性貸款。前三種是易于量化、編碼、傳遞的“硬信息”，是大企業(yè)具有的特點。而關(guān)系性貸款是難以量化的“軟信息”，具有強烈的人格化特征，是中小企業(yè)的一個特點。所以這就使得貸款銀行和中小企業(yè)之間必須保持長期、緊密相對封閉的交易關(guān)系，即企業(yè)只固定地與數(shù)量極少的(通常一到兩家)銀行打交道，這就形成了關(guān)系型借貸關(guān)系。長期化和交易對象集中化的關(guān)系型借貸有助于這種軟信息成本的降低。“關(guān)系型”的借貸關(guān)系實質(zhì)是“銀行的貸款決策主要基于通過長期和多種渠道的接觸所積累的關(guān)于借款企業(yè)及其業(yè)主的相關(guān)信息而作出。這些信息除了通過辦理企業(yè)的存貸款、結(jié)算和咨詢業(yè)務而直接獲得外，還可以從企業(yè)的利益相關(guān)者(股東、債權(quán)人、員工、供應商和顧客等)以及企業(yè)所在的社區(qū)獲得。它們不僅涉及企業(yè)的財務和經(jīng)營狀況，還包含了許多有關(guān)企業(yè)行為、信譽和業(yè)主個人品行的信息。 小銀行合并之初，多樣化的好處使合并后的銀行抗風險能力增強，從而能夠向中小企業(yè)提供更多的貸款，但隨著規(guī)模的進一步擴大，銀行開始有能力向大企業(yè)提供貸款，并且內(nèi)部管理也越來越復雜，所以銀行對中小企業(yè)的貸款比率就會下降。相反，小銀行被大銀行兼并時，新成立的銀行則會減少對中小企業(yè)的貸款。同樣，當大銀行之間發(fā)生兼并時，對中小企業(yè)的貸款也會減少:當小銀行被銀行持股公司控股時，只要小銀行未失去獨立的貸款決策權(quán)，對中小企業(yè)的貸款不一定減少；當外國銀行購并國銀行，或者發(fā)生銀行的跨地區(qū)購并時，由于文化差異和決策中心外移，通常會減少對中小企業(yè)的貸款；購并發(fā)生時，若本地區(qū)存在或新組建了可替代原有小銀行的其他中小金融機構(gòu)，對中小企業(yè)的貸款不一定減少。原因在于原中小銀行的信貸員會轉(zhuǎn)移到新的機構(gòu)并繼續(xù)從事關(guān)系型貸款業(yè)務。或者說，如果合并銀行減少了對中小企業(yè)的信貸，其它的中小銀行將進入市場，擴大自己對中小企業(yè)的信貸，來占領(lǐng)別人撤出的市場。 “市場力量” 在銀企關(guān)系中，銀行通過企業(yè)的存貸業(yè)務及長期信貸合同等使企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)換“基礎(chǔ)”銀行的成本高，而具有某種控制權(quán)。同時，由于存貸市場上的所有合約都是記名的，使所有的存款和貸款難以直接出售，限制了存款和貸款市場競爭，使存貸市場競爭不是完全自由競爭，而更像“壟斷競爭”，這也會加強市場力量。市場力量對中小企業(yè)的信貸既有有利的一面也有不利的一面。22