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上市公司資本結(jié)構(gòu)問題研究超優(yōu)秀的論文資料-資料下載頁

2025-06-28 12:22本頁面
  

【正文】 20th century, the mid70s to form the academic theory of capital structure on the general point of view, the view is that the optimal capital structure of enterprises in the tax benefits and liabilities of bankruptcy cost tradeoff between the present value. So tradeoff theory can also be known as the theory of optimal capital structure.After the development of tradeoff theory for the posttradeoff theory, the theory of the cost of the liabilities from the further expansion of bankruptcy costs to the agency costs, financial distress costs and nontax loss of interest, etc. At the same time, then the tax benefits extended to the interests of nontax liabilities In fact, is the expansion of the costs and benefits of what is contained in the optimal capital structure of panies as a tax benefit in a variety of cost and liabilities related to the balance between the cost.The introduction of asymmetric information theory of the new capital structureNew capital structure theory to a focus only on antitax, bankruptcy and other external factors for most enterprises the impact of capital structure theory, trying to asymmetric information theory of the signal, motivation, incentives such as the concept of from the enterprise of internal factors to start on the issue of capital structure analysis. So as to balance the capital structure problem into a structure or system design problems, thus the capital structure to the theoretical issues opened up new research directions, provide a new interpretation, so that the capital structure theory since then have entered a new stage of development, we call The theory of capital structure for the new.New theory of capital structure is characterized by one of the largest recognized the asymmetry of information in the capital structure decision in the role, Meyers, and theoretical perspectives Meki Sharif:In the study the role of agency costs and capital structure to the Department of Asymmetric Information regard, Myers has been the most influential one of the scholars. Meyers and Meki Sharif pointed out that if investors do not like people do party vendors and internal value of the assets of the manufacturers of the wellinformed information, then the equity market may be priced incorrectly. If panies need to issue stock to finance new projects, if the stock price is too low as a result of new investors to the extent that the new project than NPV (net present value that is) more of the value of existing shareholders will result in a net loss of . In this case, even if NPV is positive, the project will be rejected. If manufacturers can take advantage of its market value so do not underestimate the securities financing for new projects,Lack of such investment will be avoided. Therefore, in this case, with more preference shares pared to firms inhouse funds, and even the risk of not too much debt than equity superior. Because of this, Myers pointed out that the capital structure for the new panies will be subject to the wishes of the financing of investmentdriven, first internal financing, then the lowrisk debt, and the equity only as a last resort.附 錄2關(guān)于稅收對資本結(jié)構(gòu)的影響——MM定理 1.存在公司所得稅條件下的MM定理在存在公司所得稅的情況下,公司的價值隨著負(fù)債增加而相應(yīng)增加,負(fù)債越多,公司價值越大。由于公司債務(wù)的利息部分可以免稅,這就給公司提供了使用更多債務(wù)的刺激,由于免稅的現(xiàn)值增加了公司的市場價值,價值最大化的目標(biāo)將會使公司采取全部債務(wù)的資本結(jié)構(gòu),即最佳資本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)為100%的債務(wù)。實際情況一般并不支持這一結(jié)論,于是絕大部分人認(rèn)為還存在著其他的市場不完善性,那就是因負(fù)債過多而引起的財務(wù)虧空概率和破產(chǎn)風(fēng)險壓低了公司的債務(wù)比。這是符合邏輯的,但其代價是將公司金融轉(zhuǎn)變成對借債的稅收好處與破產(chǎn)成本權(quán)衡的研究。2.存在個人所得稅條件下的MM定理 米勒指出,按照1986年以前的美國稅法,個人由債券和股票中得來的收入所付的稅率是不同的。就利息收入而言,股息收入和債息收入都要計入個人收入,按級付稅。但是股票收益中的資本收益(買賣股票的價差)的實際稅率低于股票和債券的利息收入稅率,因為股票資本收益中最初60%的長期資本收益是免稅的,而且只有在資本收益切實實現(xiàn),即賣出股票后才付稅,潛在的未實現(xiàn)資本收益是免稅的。因此,從平均值來看,股票收益的課稅率要小于債券收益的課稅率。這顯然會影響個人的投資決策。雖然是為了尋找限制增加借債傾向的制動器而引入了個人累進(jìn)所得稅,但從米勒模型本身來看,它也主張為了使公司價值最大化,公司應(yīng)有100%的負(fù)債,即股本都由負(fù)債組成。但從邏輯上講,100%的負(fù)債就不存在股東了,債權(quán)人變成了實際上的企業(yè)所有者。現(xiàn)實表明,沒有一家企業(yè)是100%負(fù)債的,所以學(xué)者們對MM理論和米勒理論持相當(dāng)懷疑的態(tài)度。一般認(rèn)為這些理論本身的推導(dǎo)并沒有錯誤,問題來自理論的假設(shè)。而其中最富有攻擊性的一種論點就是MM理論沒有考慮破產(chǎn)成本和代理成本。 權(quán)衡理論的觀點 權(quán)衡理論是沿用梅耶斯的提法,但這一提法并不貼切,因為從廣義上講,資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論史就是一部“權(quán)衡”理論史,主要內(nèi)容都是研究資本結(jié)構(gòu)的成本與利益的權(quán)衡問題。所以說權(quán)衡并不應(yīng)用來特指一個學(xué)派,我們這里所指的權(quán)衡理論界定位:20世紀(jì)70年代中期學(xué)術(shù)界形成的關(guān)于資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論的一般觀點,該觀點認(rèn)為企業(yè)最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)就是在負(fù)債的稅收利益與破產(chǎn)成本現(xiàn)值之間進(jìn)行權(quán)衡。所以說權(quán)衡理論也可稱作最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論。權(quán)衡理論以后又發(fā)展為后權(quán)衡理論,這一理論把負(fù)債的成本從破產(chǎn)成本進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展到代理成本、財務(wù)困境成本和非稅收利益損失等方面,同時,又把稅收利益引申到非負(fù)債稅收利益方面,實際上是擴(kuò)大了成本和利益所包含的內(nèi)容,把企業(yè)最優(yōu)資本結(jié)構(gòu)看成是在稅收利益與各類與負(fù)債成本相關(guān)的成本之間的均衡。引入不對稱信息的新資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論 新資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論者一反只注重對稅收、破產(chǎn)等外部因素對企業(yè)最有資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論的影響,試圖通過信息不對稱理論中的信號、動機(jī)、激勵等概念,從企業(yè)內(nèi)部因素來展開對資本結(jié)構(gòu)問題的分析。從而把資本結(jié)構(gòu)的權(quán)衡難題轉(zhuǎn)化為結(jié)構(gòu)或制度設(shè)計問題,給資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論問題開辟了新的研究方向,提供了新的詮釋,使資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論從此又進(jìn)入了一個新的發(fā)展階段,我們稱之為新資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論。新資本結(jié)構(gòu)理論的一個最大的特點就是認(rèn)識到了不對稱信息在資本結(jié)構(gòu)決定中所起的作用,梅耶斯和邁基里夫提出:在研究代理成本的作用和資本結(jié)構(gòu)對稱信息方面,梅耶斯一直是最有影響力的學(xué)者之一。梅耶斯和邁基里夫指出,如果投資者沒有像當(dāng)事廠商內(nèi)部人那樣又對廠商的資產(chǎn)價值的靈通信息,那么股權(quán)就可能被市場錯誤地定價。如果廠商需要以發(fā)行股票為新項目融資,若由于股票價格過低以至于是新投資者能夠從新項目中獲得比NPV(即凈現(xiàn)值)更多的價值,便將導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)有股東的一個凈損失。在這種情況下,即使是NPV是正的,這一項目也會遭到拒絕。如果廠商能夠利用其價值沒被市場如此低估的證券為新項目籌資,則這種投資不足就會被避免。所以在這種情況下,與股權(quán)相比廠商更偏好于內(nèi)部資金,甚至于不太多的風(fēng)險債務(wù)也比股權(quán)優(yōu)越。由此,梅耶斯指出資本結(jié)構(gòu)將受到廠商為新投資融資的愿望驅(qū)使,先是內(nèi)部融資,然后是低風(fēng)險債務(wù),而把股權(quán)只當(dāng)作最后一招。、24
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