董事網(wǎng)絡(luò)的定義特征和計(jì)量-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 6。 Andres and Lehman, 2010)。 ?、谟袝r(shí)從一個(gè)團(tuán)體傳遞信息于另一個(gè)團(tuán)體，僅僅依賴(lài)于兩團(tuán)體中各有一名成員互相認(rèn)識(shí)，而形成的唯一的一條通路，這條唯一的信息通路就被稱(chēng)為“橋”。(Granovetter，1973)?！ 、跥ranovetter(1973)主張從認(rèn)識(shí)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短、互動(dòng)頻率、親密程度和互惠交換程度四個(gè)方面來(lái)測(cè)量聯(lián)結(jié)力度的強(qiáng)弱。 ?、苋敉粋€(gè)董事在某一個(gè)公司擔(dān)任獨(dú)立董事，在另一個(gè)公司擔(dān)任內(nèi)部董事，我們把其列入獨(dú)立董事樣本組?！ 、荼疚闹饕治龆妈偳对诙戮W(wǎng)絡(luò)中的社會(huì)資本，他們其他類(lèi)型社會(huì)關(guān)系可獲取的社會(huì)資本不在研究主題范圍內(nèi)?！ 、轐ilduff and Krackhardt(1994)也發(fā)現(xiàn)如果個(gè)體被認(rèn)為在組織中擁有一位聲名顯赫的朋友，會(huì)提升該個(gè)體作為好的工作執(zhí)行者的聲望，盡管實(shí)際上擁有這樣的朋友可能并沒(méi)有這樣的效果，這就是認(rèn)知平衡理論(Cognitive Balance Theory)的體現(xiàn)?！ 、呗曂?prestige)在社會(huì)學(xué)著作中用來(lái)代表位置的地位(如職業(yè)聲望)和個(gè)人的地位。社會(huì)聲望的獲得有很多渠道，我們討論獨(dú)立董事因與擁有更多網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系和更核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)而獲得的鑲嵌在董事網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的聲望，但并不意味著如果此種類(lèi)型的聲望低，那么獨(dú)立董事的整個(gè)社會(huì)聲望就低，因?yàn)檫€存在著其他聲望獲取的渠道?！ 、嗨^無(wú)向圖，即行動(dòng)者的關(guān)系沒(méi)有方向，舉個(gè)例子：A到B的聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系跟B到A的聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系是一樣的。我們認(rèn)為董事和董事之間的聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系是互相平等的，并沒(méi)有方向上的差別?！ 、嵘鐣?huì)行為的“雙向性”是指，根據(jù)每個(gè)參與者的正常預(yù)期，他們各自的意向互相是“相應(yīng)的”，而不是單邊關(guān)系(，1984)?！ 、饨輳?geodesics)：圖論(graph theory)中的概念，就是兩個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)之間最短的路徑。而路徑是所有結(jié)點(diǎn)和所有線(xiàn)都沒(méi)有重復(fù)的途徑?！ 緟⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)】 [1]、(香港). [2]林南著，：：世紀(jì)出版集團(tuán)和上海人民出版社. [3]盧昌崇，：，5：5262. [4](第二版).北京：社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社. [5]，12：3236. [6]吳增基，吳鵬森，(第三版).上海：上海人民出版社. [7]、關(guān)系信任還是關(guān)系認(rèn)同——，1：97102. [8]Andres, C., Lehmann, M. 2010. Is busy really busy? Board governance revisited. Working paper. University of Mannheim. [9]Barnea, A., Guedj, I. 2009. Director networks. Working Paper. University of Texas at Austin. [10]Bonacich, P. 1972. Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification. Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 2:113120. [11]Bouwman, 2011. Corporate governance propagation through overlapping directors. Review of Finance Studies. 24(11): 23582394. [12]Burt, R. S. 1992. Structure holes: The social structure of petition. Orlando: Academic Press. [13]Burt, R. S. 1997. The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly. 42: 339365. [14]Cashman, G. D., Gillan, S. L., Whitby, R. 2010. Expertise, connections, and the labor market for corporate directors: Is it what you know or who you know? Working Paper. Texas Tech University. [15]Cohen, L., Frazzini, A., Malloy, C. 2008. The small world of investing: Board connections and mutual fund returns. Journal of Political Economy. 116(5): 951979. [16]Fich, E. M., Shivdasani, A. 2006. Are busy boards effective monitors? The Journal of Finance, 2:689724. [17]Fracassi, C. 2008. Corporate finance policies and social networks. Working paper, UCLA. [18]Freeman, L. 1979. Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1:215239. [19]Granovetter, M. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology. 78: 13601380. [20]Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481510. [21]Hochberg, Y., Ljungqvist, A., Lu, Y. 2007. Whom you know matters: Venture capital networks and investment performance. The Journal of Finance. 62: 251301. [22]Kilduff, M., Krackhardt, D. 1994. Bringing the individual back in: A structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal. 37(1): 87108. [23]Kilduff, M., Tsai, W. 2003. Social networks and organizations. London: Sage Publications Ltd. [24]Kuhnen, C. M. 2009. Business networks, corporate governance, and contracting in the mutual fund industry. Journal of Finance. 5: 21852220. [25]Larcker, D. F., So, E. C., Wang, C. C. Y. 2010. Boardroom centrality and stock returns. Working Paper. Stanford University. [26]Lin, N. 1982. Social resources and instrumental action. In social structure and network analysis, edited by Marsdon P. V. and N. Lin. CA: Beverly Hills, Sage. [27]Lin, N. 2002. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge University Press. [28]Scott, J. 2000. Social network analysis: A handbook. 2nd edition. Sage Publications. [29]Wasserman, S., Faust, K. 1994. Social network analysis: Methods and applications. NY: Cambridge University Press.29 / 29
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