【正文】 , the data are manipulated(processed),and they are transformed into information(output).In its simplest form ,a management information systemed may be depicted by an inputprocessoutput(IPO) model (). An understanding of this model is worthwhile becaue it can be used to represent all in that figure that the MIS, through its processing technology (of collecting, coding,storing,processing,decoding,and reporting), transforms the data ing into an enterprise into usable information.InputsTransforation ProcessOutputsInformationProcessingTechnologyData An InputProcessOutput Medel of a Management Information SystemWe may further enhance our understanding of management information systems by discussing their general function and major elements. These systems exist in most enterprises, whether public or private, primarily to assist management in improving revenues, reducing costs and managing assets. Therefore, improving the performance of an enterprise is the ultimate objective of management infoemation systems not the storage of data, the generation of reports,or even”getting the right information to the right person at the right time.” And MIS can best improve an enterprise’s performance by helping to improve the quality of managerial decisions.Transaction processing (TP), reporting systems(RS), and decisionsupport systems(DSS) are the major elements of a management infortion primary role of TP in an enterprise is the collection, storage,and processing of data in such a way that transactions within an enterprise are described and thus the procedural actions of the enterprise supported .More specifically, a TP system may be viewed as a puterbased means of capturing transaction so that may be recreated. The out of a transactionprocessing system includes stored transaction images, documents needed by an enterprise to fulfill its mainstream purposes(invoices,production orders,shipping orders,purchase orders, mailing lists, pay checks, work orders,and so forth), and listings of transaction that have occurred over a period of time (for confirmation or references).Reporting systems(RS) and decisionsupport systems (DSS) often are confused with each other and thus misunderstood. Yet, each has a clear orientation. And distinctions may be drawn in terms of their areas of impact on the payoff to an enterprise and their relevance to a manager. So an RS provides standardized reports based on wellknown policies, procedures, and rules. And a DSS provides information to help management with new , unstructured decision making.A pyramid may be used to illustrate the dimensions of an information system().The vertical dimension represents the levels of management (firstline, middle, and top management) , and the horizontal dimension represents the main functional areas of a business firm (for example, marketing, production, and finace).The depth dimension indicates the major management information systems that provide support for managerial activities: the structured and required reporting systems(RS) and decisionmaking system(DSS) . These dimensions rest on a base of transactions processing(TP). Transaction PocessingFinanceProductionMarketingMISDSSManagerialLexels The Dimension of a Management Information System As the figure illustrates, RS and DSS (drawing on the TP system ) are utilized at all managerial levels and acress all function areas . There, it is te management information system(of TP ,RS ,and DSS ) that integrates both the level of management and functional areas .To further demonstrate how the subsystems fit together, the definition of MIS is recreated in the following table , with the ponents of MIS related to the defintional frame work. Definition of Management Information System (MIS)MIS SubsystemsA management information system is .An integrated user/machine system .Computer, models.For providing information .System output.To support decision making .. In an enterprise .Frameworkforthe informationThe system utilizes.Computer hardware and software .Computer system.Manual procedures .Books,manuals,people.Models for analysis .Operations research.A database .Computer ,peopleDeveloping a pensation plan to pay executive, managerial, and professional employees is similar in many respects to developing a play for and employees. The basic aims of the plan are the same in that the goal is to attract good employees and maintain their mitment. Furthermore, the basic methods of job evaluation , classifying jobs, ranking them , or assigning points to them ,for instance, are about as applicable to managerial and professional jobs as to production and clerical ones.1)Yet for managerial and professional jobs , job evaluation provides only a partial answer to the question of how to pay these employees, Such jobs tend to emphasize nonquantifiable factor like judgment and problem solving more than do production and clerical jobs . There is also a tendency to pay manager and professionals based on abilitybased on their performance or on what they can do – rather than on the basis of static job demands like working conditions. Developing pensation plans for managers and professionals, therefore, tends to be relatively plex,2) and evaluation, while still important, usually plays a secondary issues, like bonuses, incentives, and benefits. Compensation Managers There are five elements in a manager’s pensation package: salary, benefits, shortterm incentive, longterm incentives, and perquisites.The amount of salary managers are paid usually depends on the value of the person’s work to organization and how well the person is discharging his or her )AS with other jobs , the value of the person’s work is usually determined through job analysis and salary surveys and salary surveys and the resulting fine tuning of salary levels. Salary is