【正文】 pertise, and _____ intersect. a. personality b. experience c. task motivation d. None of the above.21. In the decisionmaking process known as bounded rationality, a. the final choice maximizes economic payoff. b. the final choice minimizes economic payoff. c. the first choice that is good enough is chosen. d. all good enough choices are selected.22. Jane just conducted the performance appraisals of five of her employees. Her appraisal was heavily influenced by the performance of the individuals during the last month. Jane39。s bias is an example of a. availability heuristic. b. representative heuristic. c. escalation of mitment. d. optimal decision making.23. The decisionmaking process concludes with a. analysis of alternatives. b. identification of a problem. c. identification of decision criteria. d. evaluation of decision effectiveness.24. Problems where information is ambiguous or inplete are which type of problem? a. wellstructured b. illstructured c. programmed d. nonprogrammed25. Wellstructured problems are a. New b. Closely aligned with the assumptions of perfect rationality c. Ambiguous d. Characterized by limited information26. When a decision maker relies on a programmed decision, he or She a. may fall back on rules, procedures, or policies b. will develop many alternatives from which to select a solution c. will spend considerable time on the decision d. must be dealing with a unique or unusual problem27. A procedure can be defined as a a. method to guide a manager39。s thinking in one general direction. b. hierarchy of authority relationships in an organization. c. series of interrelated sequential steps for problem solving. d. collection of explicit statements about what a manager can or cannot do.28. A rule is BEST described by which of the following? a. A general guideline designed to direct a manager39。s focus. b. A series of interrelated sequential steps. c. A prohibition against desired activity. d. An explicit and specific statement of correct behavior.29. A policy typically contains a. parameters to constrain behavior, not specific rules. b. nothing but explicit, unambiguous terminology. c. a sequence of steps to follow for approved decision making. d. specific rules.30. Whenever possible, we promote from within is an example of which of the following? a. rule b. procedure c. policy d. nonprogrammed decision31. Only employees with topsecret clearance may enter the sealed room, is an example of a a. rule. b. procedure. c. policy. d. nonprogrammed decision.32. As managers move up the organizational hierarchy, problems are more likely to bee a. wellstructured. b. illstructured. c. programmed. d. nonprogrammed.33. A conceptual style of decisionmaking reflects an individual who a. thinks intuitively and has a low tolerance for ambiguity. b. thinks rationally and has a high tolerance for ambiguity. c. thinks intuitively and has a high tolerance for ambiguity. d. thinks rationally and has a low tolerance for ambiguity.34. Peggy Juarez uses a decisionmaking style characterized by low tolerance for ambiguity and a rational way of thinking. They generally turn out to be fast decisions of a short run nature. What style does Peggy use?a. analyticb. conceptualc. directived. behavioral35. Which of the following is not true about group decisions? a. Group decisions are faster. b. Group decisions tend to be more accurate. c. Group decisions are more creative. d. Group decisions are more widely accepted.36. Group decisions will usually be Superior to individual decisions when a. speed is a concern. b. accuracy is critical. c. minimizing the tendency of groupthink is important d. flexibility is needed.37. Which of the following is NOT an example of a situation in which groupthink occurs? a. Group members rationalize any resistance to the assumptions they have made. b. Group members apply direct pressure on those who express doubts. c. Group members avoid openly showing lack of consensus. d. Group members question those who are silent and try to sway them.38. Bounded rationality differs from the rational model in that decision makers: a. act irrationally. b. focus on easytofind choices. c. seek advice from employees. d. act outside the boundaries set by their organizations.39. Which of the following is not a method by which group decision making can be improved a. brainstorming b. nominal group technique c. groupthink d. electronic meetings40. The basic premise for the decisionmaking model is that individuals differ along two dimensions a. degree of risk preference and position within the organizational hierarchy. b. experience and munication skills. c. way they think and tolerance for ambiguity. d. personality and attention to detail.Chapter Five: Basic Organization DesignsMultiple Choice Questions1. Determining where decisions are made in the organization39。s hierarchy a. defines spatial differentiation. b. refers to work specialization. c. defines the degree of centralization. d. refers to the process of organization design.2. The idea that jobs should be broken down into the simplest of steps, with one step generally assigned to each individual refers to a. span of control. b. work specialization. c. chain of mand. d. line authority.3. The MAIN problem to be expected when unity of mand principle is ignored is that a. employees have potential trouble coping with conflicting Priorities and demands. b. supervisors cannot keep abreast of what all their subordinates are doing. c. decision making is slow. d. there is not enough flexibility.4. Authority is to a Specific position as ____________ is to an individual. a. decision making b. responsibility c. span of control d. power5. Which of the following statements is LE