【正文】 decision into action and conveying the decision to the persons who will be affected by it is known as a. problem identification. b. decision implementation. c. rational decision making. d. irrational decision making.18. When decisions must be made with limited information because full knowledge of the problem is unavailable and the probability of outes is unknown, the condition of __________ exists. a. uncertainty b. certainty c. risk d. bounded rationality19. Which of the following is not an assumption of the rational decisionmaking model? a. The problem is clear and unambiguous. b. A single welldefined goal is to be achieved. c. Preferences change slowly. d. Final choice will maximize economic payoff.20. Creativity is formed when the elements of creative skills, expertise, and _____ intersect. a. personality b. experience c. task motivation d. None of the above.21. In the decisionmaking process known as bounded rationality, a. the final choice maximizes economic payoff. b. the final choice minimizes economic payoff. c. the first choice that is good enough is chosen. d. all good enough choices are selected.22. Jane just conducted the performance appraisals of five of her employees. Her appraisal was heavily influenced by the performance of the individuals during the last month. Jane39。 key job tasks c. Allowing employees to participate actively d. Prioritizing goals 19. Managers can overe the criticisms of management by objectives by a. ensuring that employees have multiple goals. b. treating MBO as a singleevent activity. c. punishing employees who fail to achieve goals. d. rewarding employees for setting easy goals.20. Which of the following is not a ponent of the MBO process? a. Objectives are determined jointly by subordinates and supervisor b. Progress towards objectives is reviewed every three months. c. Employees are given ratings based on reaching specific targets d. Rewards are based on progress towards achieving objectives.21. Which of the following is a ninestep process that involves strategic planning, implementation, and evaluation? a. decisionmaking process b. strategic management process c. tactical management process d. longrange planning process22. In environmental SWOT analysis, the external organizational position is analyzed according to itsa. strengths and weaknesses.b. opportunities and weaknesses.c. strengths and threats.d. opportunities and threats.23. The starting point in strategic management process is usuallya. analyzing current mission, strategies and objectives.b. identifying opportunities and threats.c. conducting an environmental scan.d. identifying opportunities and weaknesses. 24. After analyzing and learning about the environment, management needs to evaluate opportunities and threats. Opportunities are a. internal resources. b. unmet needs. c. positive external environmental factors. d. internal petitive strategies.25. Which of the following is NOT a grand strategy that an organization can use for defining its allenpassing focus? a. Stability strategy b. Market gain strategy c. Growth strategy d. Combination strategy26. Tim39。s Tire Shop is concerned only with using the least amount of labor possible as it repairs/replaces the tires of its customers. Its primary goal is a. effectiveness. b. goal attainment. c. efficiency. d. management characteristics.23. All of the following are included in the four ponents of the management process except a. planning. b. organizing. c. leading. d. delegating.24. Mintzberg grouped the ten managerial roles into three primary headings. Which of the following is not one of these headings? a. interpersonal relationships b. transfer of information c. planning d. decision making25. As managers move up the organization, they do lessa. leadingb. controllingc. planningd. organizing26. Which of the following roles is most important for managers in small firms? a. disseminator b. leader c. spokesperson d. figurehead27. Katz developed four critical skills that managers must possess. Which of the following is not one of those four skills? a. conceptual b. interpersonal c. technical d. connection28. Angelo is well known for his skills in using the advanced programming software of the engineering field. In fact, it was his specialized knowledge that led to his promotion as manager. Which managerial skill is Angelo demonstrating? a. conceptual b. interpersonal c. technical d. political29. Nancy’s strength as a manager lies in her ability to work with people. She is able to work with, motivate, and lead others easily. Nancy is demonstrating which managerial skill? a. conceptual b. interpersonal c. technical d. political30. Which of the following is not true about operatives? a. They have no responsibility for overseeing the work of others. b. They work directly on a job or task. c. They have no more than four employees who report directly to them. d. A person on an assembly line could be described as an operative.31. The managerial concept that focuses on task pletion is a. efficiency. b. of little concern for firstline managers. c. mostly the job of top managers. d. effectiveness.32. Which one of the following best demonstrates the concept of efficient management? a. Getting activities pleted. b. Maximizing output. c. Maintaining output with fewer resources. d. Increasing output and input.33. When a manager fails to plete the department39。s role of a. liaison. b. disturbance handler. c. disseminator. d. figurehead.38. Concerning Mintzberg39。s Company is in the process of buying a smaller petitor and incorporating that pany39。s focus. b. A series of interrelated sequential steps. c. A prohibition against desired activity. d. An explicit and specific statem