【正文】 ligation of a business to meet its economic and legal responsibilities and no more. It is the foundation of a business’s social involvement. Social responsiveness Social responsiveness refers to the capacity of a firm to adapt to changing societal conditions. Social obligation Social responsibility Social responsiveness Managerial ethics Ethics Definition:Ethics monly refers to a set of rules or principles that define right and wrong conduct. Three views of Ethics Utilitarian view of ethics (道德的功利觀 ) Rights view of ethics（ 道德的權(quán)利觀 ） Theory of justice view of ethics （道德的公正觀理論） Code of ethics Code of ethics is a formal document that states an anization’s primary values and ethical rules it expects managers and operative employees to follow. Example: “我認(rèn)為我們的汽車不應(yīng)該賺這么驚人的利潤，合理的利潤完全正確，但是不能太高。我主張最好用合理的小額利潤，銷售大量的汽車。因為這樣可以讓更多的人買得起，享受使用汽車的樂趣；還因為這樣可以讓更多的人就業(yè)，得到不錯的工資。這是我一生的兩個目標(biāo)。 ” 福特， 1916 “福特用大家買得起的 T型車改變了美國人的生活方式，主要是靠從 1908年到1916年間把汽車的價格降低了 58%。當(dāng)時福特的訂單超過生產(chǎn)能力，本來可以提高車價的。而且同一時期，他大膽采用工人日工資 5美元的制度，大約是業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)薪資的兩倍，使產(chǎn)業(yè)界又驚又氣。 ” 摘自 《 基業(yè)長青 》 P68 Chapter 3 Today’s Environment Managers Facing The changing economy Globalization Emphasis on technology Social responsibility and managerial ethics How do anizations make the customer king? Several Critical Activities Continuous improvements in quality Work process engineering Downsizing (layoff) Flexible and rapid response system The importance of empowerment Continuous Improvements in Quality — TQM Original idea Deming emphasized the use of statistics to analyze variability in production processes to create uniform quality and predictable quantity of output. TQM (total quality management) TQM is a philosophy of management that is driven by customer needs and expectations and that is mitted to continuous improvement. Components of Total Quality Management Intense focus on the customer Concern for continuous improvement Improvement in the quality of everything the anization does Accurate measurement Empowerment of employees Work process engineering(BPR) Radical or quantum change in an anization 流程再造是對分工理論的挑戰(zhàn)，傳統(tǒng)的組織設(shè)計將 工作過程分解為不同的可重復(fù)操作的任務(wù)，實行以任 務(wù)為導(dǎo)向的管理。 BPR強調(diào)，在現(xiàn)時代由于 3C作用， 以任務(wù)為導(dǎo)向的管理已經(jīng)過時，組織應(yīng)該從根本上對 業(yè)務(wù)流程過程進(jìn)行再思考和再設(shè)計，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)流程重 構(gòu)，以提高對顧客的服務(wù)效率和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，并取得競 爭優(yōu)勢。 Downsizing Downsizing refers to an activity in anizations designed to create a more efficient operation through extensive layoffs. It is not blind. Downsizing must link staffing levels to anizational goals, which is called rightsizing. Understanding Reasons of layoff Advantages and disadvantages Methods Contingent workforce: workers who are available for hire on an asneeded basis, including parttime employees, temporary employees and contract workers. Core employees: the small group of fulltime employees of an anization who provide some essential job tasks for the anization. Flexible staff arrangement Why the anizational emphasis on contingent employees? Having a large number of permanent fulltime employees limits management’s ability to react. Organizations that rely heavily on contingent workers will have greater flexibility because workers can be easily added or taken off as needed. Thinking Problem What issues do contingent workers create for managers? The Importance of Empowering Empowering is the redesigning of jobs in order to increase the decisionmaking discretion of work. Reasons: The need for quick decisions by those people who are most knowledgeable about the issues. The large layoffs in the middlemanagement ranks have left many managers with considerably more people to supervise than they had in the past. Study amp。Practices What stages enterprises experience in the process of globalization? Understand Hofstede’s cultural dimension Why social responsibility and ethics is important for an anization? Understand TQM Why the anizational emphasis on contingent employees? Why empowering is important in this time? Chapter 4 Foundation of Planning What’s the planning of anizations? Management by objectives The strategic management process Benchmarking / ISO9000 series /six sigma Entrepreneurship: a special case of strategic planning What’s the planning of anizations? The content of planning Advantages and disadvantages of planning Types of plans Planning Enpasses: Defining the anization’s objectives or goals. Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals. Developing a prehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities. Advantages of Planning It gives direction to managers and nonmanagers alike. Planning can reduce the impact of change. It minimize waste and redundancy. Planning establishes objectives or standards that facilitate control. Disadvantages of Planning Planning may create rigidity. Plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment. Formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity. Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s petition, not on tomorrow’s survival. Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure. Exhibit 41 Types of Plans Breadth Time frame Specificity Frequency of use Strategic Long term Directional Single use Tactical Short term Specific Standing Strategic and Tactical Plans Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire anization, establish the anization’s overall objectives, and seek to position the anization in terms of its environment. Tactical plans (sometimes referred to as operational plans) specify the details of how the overall objectives are to be achieved. Strategic and