【正文】 give her a good education. 珍妮希望給她良好教育。 ※Ⅲ .hope/hopes to have done：表示動(dòng)作的完成，不表沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。 He expects to have written it tomorrow evening. 他估計(jì)明天可以寫 好。 I hope to have finished by 。 ③在含 when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等連詞引導(dǎo)的從句的復(fù)合句中，若主句謂語動(dòng)詞和從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作都發(fā)生在過去且有先后，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過去完成時(shí)。但 after 從句中的動(dòng)作可用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)，含 before 從句的主句中，也用一般過去時(shí)就行： When he arrived at the station, the train had left. =After the train (had)left, he arrived at the station.= The train left before he arrived at the station. ④ “ by +過去時(shí)間”作狀語 ,謂動(dòng)常用過去完成時(shí)。 By the end of last year， they had finished the work. ⑤在表示過去情況的虛擬條件句中，一般用過去完成時(shí)： If you had e with me， you would have seen him. ⑥在 hardly ... when, no sooner ... than， scarcely ... when 句式中 主句 用過去完成時(shí)，且常采用倒裝， 從句 用一般過去時(shí)。譯為“一?就?”。如： Hardly had I e back when the phone rang. 說明 ①過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是過去的過去，只有在和過去某時(shí)或某事相比較時(shí)才會(huì)用到它。 14 ②如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接發(fā)生，常常不用過去完成時(shí)，特別是在含有 before 和 after的復(fù)合句中。有時(shí)兩個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都可用意思 差別不大： As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they began working again. I told them after you (had) left. He (had) told me the news before you came. ③一連串的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用一般過去時(shí)表達(dá)。 On arriving, he had a sip of tea, took off his coat, and started to clean the room. ④ 在以 since 引起的狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)較多，有時(shí)也用過去完成時(shí)： The girl had changed considerably since I had seen her. ⑤敘述過去發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，有時(shí)可以用過去完成時(shí)來追敘或補(bǔ)敘更早發(fā)生的事。一般做法是：頭兩三句用過去完成時(shí)，使人知道是追敘往事，一有機(jī)會(huì)就轉(zhuǎn)用一般過去時(shí)。 九、將來完成時(shí) 由“ shall(will) + have done”構(gòu)成。 主要表示將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事情，有時(shí)用來表示一種推測(cè)。常用時(shí)間狀語有 by the end of, by this time tomorrow， by the time， by等，如 ： ① By the end of next month, I shall have learned 100 texts. ② We will have built the bridge by the time he es back next year. ③ By this time tomorrow, I shall have finished the work. 十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 由 have(has) + been doing構(gòu)成。主要表示現(xiàn)在以前這一階段里一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 （這動(dòng)作可能仍然在進(jìn)行，也可能剛停止了一會(huì)兒） 。有少數(shù)動(dòng)詞（如 work,study,live,teach 等） 用 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 和用 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 意思是差不多的 （但大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都不可這樣換用） 。在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久時(shí)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更多一些。該時(shí)態(tài)間或也可用來表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間 反復(fù) 發(fā)生的事情。漢語經(jīng)常譯作“一直”。 We39。ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently. All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. I have been waiting for you for two hours. It has been raining. What have you been doing all the morning? I have been watering the flowers in the garden. I have been reading Lu Xun this week. 注意 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去或開始于過去，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)作開始于過去，強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)或直接結(jié)果。如： 15 You look so tired, what have you been doing? （ 直接結(jié)果） We have been discussing the problem, but we haven39。t drawn a conclusion yet. 十 一、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 主要表示過去某時(shí)以前一直在進(jìn)行的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能在那時(shí)還在進(jìn)行，也 可能到那個(gè)過去時(shí)間停止，它由“ had + been doing”構(gòu)成。 ① He told me he had been waiting for me for two hours. ② By the time the city was liberated， he had been working for 20 years. 十二、過去將來時(shí) 由“ should（第一人稱） /would（其他人稱） +動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。 （美語任何人稱都用 “would +動(dòng)詞原形 ”構(gòu)成 ）。 還用 were/was going to do, were/was to do, were/was about to do, were/was dong 結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)。主要表示從過去某時(shí)看來將要發(fā)生的事情。 would do 也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 （此時(shí)不管無論什么人稱都用 would） ，前面常有一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語說明在什么情況下往往如此。此外，它還可以用來表示“愿望 /傾向”，多用于否定句，談過去的情況，表示 “不肯/不會(huì) /不可能” 等等。如： ① He said he would go to work next week. ② She told me that she would be here. ③ We asked him where he would go. ④ He was about to go when his father came back. ⑤ He said it was going to rain. 1）表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作： When I went to Beijing， he would e to guide me. 我一去北京，他就給我當(dāng)向?qū)А? 2）主句是過去將來時(shí)，時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)來替代過去將來時(shí)。 She said she would pay us a visit when she had time. 她說她有時(shí)間就會(huì)來拜訪我們。 3）某些非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表過去將來，如： e, go, finish, start, leave等。如： He said he was ing. I told him I was leaving. ※ 十三 .過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) （如： should/would be writing)表從過去某時(shí)看，將來某時(shí)將正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 ※十四 .過去將來完成時(shí) （如： should/would have written)表示從過去某時(shí)看將來某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中需要用過去完成時(shí)來代 16 替它。 ※十五 .將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) （如： shall/will have been writing)表示將來某時(shí)前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 ※十六 .過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) （如： should/would have been writing)表從過去某時(shí)看來未來某時(shí)前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) ： 在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中必須 注意 時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng) （即 :主句與從句的謂語動(dòng)詞間時(shí)態(tài)的相互 影響） ,但是否需要調(diào)整時(shí)態(tài)，主要服從于表達(dá)意義的需要。需遵守時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的主要是 名詞性從句 的謂語和作表語的 sorry, glad, worried, certain, uncertain, sure 等 形容詞后的賓語從句 中的謂語。 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)情況： ①主句的時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，從句可以根據(jù)表達(dá)事實(shí)的需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。用法如下： She doesn’t know where he will go.