【導(dǎo)讀】完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。其他時(shí)態(tài)很少單獨(dú)使用。下面把各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法做一個(gè)全面的介紹。通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示。主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，用現(xiàn)單三形式。人稱單數(shù)用am,第三人稱單數(shù)用is,其他用are。be提到主語(yǔ)之前。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形。式要用助動(dòng)詞do的過(guò)去式did,同時(shí)注意實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用原形。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化，第一、上課時(shí)，湯姆走進(jìn)教室。2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用always,continually,frequently等詞連用，表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常。這種用法表明帶有的感情色彩。中國(guó)總是對(duì)西方列強(qiáng)妥協(xié)。一律用had+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。時(shí)，必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來(lái)作參照，說(shuō)明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

　　

【正文】 de her angry. 我什么也沒(méi)說(shuō)，這使她很生氣。 Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity. 沒(méi)去看演出，這很遺憾。 注意 各個(gè)關(guān)系詞的用法： 1．指人的關(guān)系代詞： who, whom, whose, that 的用法： （ 1）作主語(yǔ)（ who, that ） Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch. 那些參加比賽的人午飯后 1： 30在大門口集合。 在本句中，先行詞是 those；關(guān)系代詞 who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞 are going to play 的主語(yǔ)。 The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor. 正在和王先生說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是一個(gè)有名的醫(yī)生。 在本句中，先行詞是 the man。關(guān)系代詞 who/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞 is talking的主語(yǔ)。 這個(gè)復(fù)合句可以還原成兩個(gè)句子： The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang. （ 2）作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓語(yǔ)（ whom, that ）。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略； This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the 。 在本句中，先行詞是 the man；關(guān)系代詞 whom/that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)代替 先行詞在從句中擔(dān)任動(dòng)詞 want 的賓語(yǔ)。 Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for? 他是你在找的那位經(jīng)理嗎？ （ 3）當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用 that，也不能省略， 如： The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist. 我從中得到許多有用信息的那本書(shū)是一位著名科學(xué)家寫的。 Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago. 你剛才和他說(shuō)話的那個(gè)男孩是誰(shuí)？ I know the young couple from whose house the music is ing. 但是當(dāng)介詞放在從句末尾時(shí)，作為介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以用 that 并且可以省略。 如上頭兩句可改為： The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist. Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago? 2．指物的關(guān)系代詞 which和 that的用法： （１）作主語(yǔ) This is the instruction manual which/that tells you how to operate the puter. 這是那本教你如何操作計(jì)算機(jī)的說(shuō)明手冊(cè)。 （２）作賓語(yǔ)包括作介詞賓館。此種情況下的關(guān)系代詞可以省略： The chair (which /that) you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄壞的那把椅子現(xiàn)在正在修理。 The film (which/that) I saw last night was about a soldier who fought in WWII. 我昨天晚上看的那部電影是關(guān)于一個(gè)在二戰(zhàn)中打過(guò)仗的 士兵的。 （本句有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。） This is the bike for which I paid $ 100. 這就是我花了 100美元買的那輛自行車。 The car(which/that)he went in was a black Cadillac. 他坐在里面走了的那輛汽車是一輛黑色的卡迪拉克。 The accounts of the pany, (which/that) I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 我一直非常注意的公司賬目，是保持平衡的。 3． whose 和 of which 指代人或事物，作定語(yǔ)。 of which 可用 whose 代替； The car whose lights (of which the lights/the lights of which) were all broken was my father’s. 那輛所有的燈都破了的汽車是我父親的。 例： His house of which the windows (the windows of which /whose windows) were all broken was a depressing sight. 他那所有窗戶都?jí)牧说姆孔诱媸悄坎蝗潭谩? That is the book whose cover (of which the cover/the cover of which ) was broken. 這就是那本封皮破了的書(shū)。 4．關(guān)系代詞的格應(yīng)與它在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞忠恢?。特別要注意插入語(yǔ)， 如： Peter is the one who everybody believes will fail to bring off the contract. Peter 是那個(gè)人人都認(rèn)為不能完成合同的人。（ everybody believes 是插入語(yǔ)） At the election I voted for the man whom I believed to be the most suitable. 在選舉的時(shí)候我投了我認(rèn)為最合適的那個(gè)人的票。 5．關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞必須和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致： 例： These are the operating instructions that/which are written in English 。 這就是用英文寫成的使用說(shuō)明。 Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly pleted and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets? 你是住在那幢剛剛竣工、有 15個(gè)臥室、 3個(gè)病房和 4個(gè)衛(wèi)生間的白色房子里嗎？ So far as I know, there are many VIPs who are going to attend the reception. 就我所知有很多達(dá)官貴人將出席這個(gè)招待會(huì)。 6．非限定性定語(yǔ)從句不用 that，只用 who（ whose, whom）和 which代表人和物； 例： Her brothers, both of whom work in America, ring her up every week。 她的兄弟們？？?jī)蓚€(gè)人都在美國(guó)工作？？每個(gè)星期都給她打電話。 The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd， 那些公共汽車？？大多已經(jīng)坐滿了人？？被一群憤怒的人圍著。 That tower block, which cost five million dollars to build, has been empty for five years. 那個(gè)塔樓空著已經(jīng) 5年了。建它花了 500萬(wàn)美元。 Cricket, which I know very little about, is a very popular sport in England。 板球是英格蘭非常流行的體育活動(dòng)，我對(duì)它知之甚少。 The accounts of the pany ,which I’ve been paying great attention to, are in balance. 公司的賬目是保持平衡的。我一直非常注意這些賬目。 7．關(guān)系副詞（ =介詞 +關(guān)系代詞）： 關(guān)系副詞 先行詞 在從句中的作用 說(shuō)明 when(=at / on / in / during which) 時(shí)間名詞 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 非正式文體中，有時(shí)用 that 代替關(guān)系副詞 where(=in / at which) 地點(diǎn)名詞 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) why=(for which) 只有 reason 原因狀語(yǔ) 例： I shall never fet the day when (=on which) we first met. 我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見(jiàn)面的那一天。 The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed. 雨下得不是時(shí)候。 This is the puter where (=by/on which) he has stolen topsecret documents. 這就是他用來(lái)盜竊絕密文件的計(jì)算機(jī)。 Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place. 這就是謀殺發(fā)生的地方。 He didn’t give any reason why (=for which) I had been fired. 他沒(méi)給任何解雇我的理由 This is the house in which (=where) my parents used to live. 這就是我父母以前住過(guò)的房子。 注意事項(xiàng)： （ 1）在非正式場(chǎng)合， that 有時(shí)可用來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的 “介詞 +which”，而且經(jīng)常全部省略， 如： In all the years that (=when/during which) I was at collage 在我讀大學(xué)的那些年里 the reason that(=why/for which)he is not happy 他不高興的理由 The direction(that)(=in which )the heavenly bodies move can’t be changed. 天體運(yùn)行的方向是不可改變的。 He is unpopular because people don’t like the offensive way (that)(=in which) he talks. 他不受歡迎的原因是他說(shuō)話的方式讓人討厭。 （ 2）是用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞： 關(guān)系詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞，一要看關(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中作什么成分；二要看關(guān)系詞所代表的是人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因；三要看所引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語(yǔ)從句還是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。所以同樣的先行詞會(huì)有不同的關(guān)系詞，這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系詞在從句當(dāng)中擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)淖饔貌煌鴽Q定的。 如： This is the room where/in which we’ll celebrate the New Year. 這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。（充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)） This is the room(that /which)we’ll celebrate the New Year in. 這是我們將要在里面慶賀新年的房間。（充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，可省略。） This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration of the New Year. 這 是那個(gè)將要被用來(lái)慶賀新年的房間。（充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)） This is the room (which/that) we’ll use for the New Year dinner party. 這是我們將要用來(lái)舉行新年晚宴的房間。（充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，可省略。） The reason (that /which) he had given was not sound enough. 他給的理由不夠充分。（充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，可省略） The reason why/for which he had done that was not sound enough. 他做那件事的理由不夠充分。（充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)） This is the house where she 。