【正文】 n silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。（4）不定式與動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如：It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞；②名詞39。s+動(dòng)名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife39。s working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It39。s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the 。7．非謂語動(dòng)詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動(dòng)名詞作主語的句型1）Doing...+ is an 。Seeing is 。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing is no use 。It is no good 。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless 。It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。四． 名詞性從句用法名詞性從句包括：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，多由連詞that，wh疑問詞或由what，whatever等關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，其中同位語從句在四級(jí)考試中最常見。1)主語從句在句子中充當(dāng)主語，句子的謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)。如： Why he refused to work with you is still es is )主語從句前的that不能省略，僅起連接作用，有時(shí)為了保持句子平衡，that從句后置，而由it作形式主語。如：That he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s is not true that he has moved to New ，如：I don’t know where the sound came ’t be satisfied with what you have ．當(dāng)從句放在系動(dòng)詞 be, look, remain, seem等后即構(gòu)成表語從句。The trouble is that I have lost his seemed that the night would never 1)同位語從句是對(duì)與之同位的名詞中心詞作進(jìn)一步解釋，能接名詞性從句的常見名詞有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。The news that he has passed the examination is )同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別在于：定語從句是對(duì)先行詞加以修飾、限制，而同位語從句時(shí)說明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容；that在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分，為關(guān)系代詞，而在同位語從句中不做任何成分,僅起連詞作用。如：The fact that we talked about is very important.(定語從句)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(同位語從句) 在名詞性從句中的用法區(qū)別if一般只用于引導(dǎo)賓語從句，而 whether可引導(dǎo)包括賓語從句在內(nèi)的其他名詞從句。1)連詞whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句，表語從句不能用if來替換。Whether he will attend the meeting is question is whether he will )賓語從句中，whether常與or not搭配，可以說whether or not，而不說if or not。I don’t care whether or not she will attend the )whether可用在介詞后，或帶to不定式前，if則不可。She doesn’t know whether to get married now or haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back ）某些動(dòng)詞后面(如discuss)只能用whether，不用if。We discussed whether we should go on 名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當(dāng)連接詞所引導(dǎo)的從句，其功同名詞一樣。一．主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or is in the morning that the murder took is John that broke the 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)It is ＋名詞＋從句It is a fact that …事實(shí)是… It is an honor that…非常榮幸It is mon knowledge that…是常識(shí)(2)it is ＋形容詞＋從句It is natural that…很自然… It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3)it is ＋不及物動(dòng)詞＋從句It seems that…似乎… It happened that…碰巧…(4)it ＋過去分詞＋從句It is reported that…據(jù)報(bào)道… It has been proved that…已證實(shí)… (1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(2)It is said ,(reported)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)(5)含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong) 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：1)What you said yesterday is )That she is still alive is a 第二篇：英語語法總結(jié)小 學(xué) 英 語 語 法 總 結(jié) 1一、名詞:專有名詞：（1）人名（2）街道和建筑（3）星期月份節(jié)日（3）國(guó)家城市（4）大洲大洋江湖普通名詞：（1）直接加s（2）以s x ch sh結(jié)尾的+es（3）以 y結(jié)尾的把y 改成 i+es（4）o結(jié)尾的+es特殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes（5）f、fe結(jié)尾的改 f、fe為 v+es ,⑹oo 結(jié)尾+szoozoos⑺ woman→women，childchildren⑻ 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)形式相同可數(shù)名詞：不可數(shù)名詞：⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一類事物不可數(shù)名詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)⑷兩類以上不可數(shù)名詞做主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)⑸ a cup of tea名詞的所有格：⑴單數(shù)名詞詞尾+’s⑵詞尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾+’s⑶詞尾是s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾+’⑷店鋪教堂某人的家時(shí)，所有格’s后面通常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞⑸分別+’s，最后一個(gè)人名+’s⑹ of用在沒有生命上，’s用在有生命上二、冠詞：不定冠詞 a an定冠詞 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上獨(dú)一無二的事物⑷形容詞前⑸序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級(jí)⑹由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前⑺樂器⑻姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前：一家人⑼ only very same前不用定冠詞的情況：⑴國(guó)家地名人名⑵復(fù)數(shù)名詞⑶季節(jié)月份星期⑷三餐球類娛樂運(yùn)動(dòng)三、代詞人稱代詞物主代詞⑴形容性物主代詞my his her our their ⑵名詞性物主代詞mine his ours them1反身代詞myself1指示代詞thisthesethatthose1疑問代詞whowhomwhosewhichwhat1不定代詞⑴some,any,no修飾可數(shù)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞。Some肯定句any否定和疑問 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶body,one,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,、形容詞15形容詞種類和位置16形容詞比較等級(jí)及構(gòu)成：⑴以e結(jié)尾+er,+est.⑵以y結(jié)尾→ier→iest⑶重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的雙寫詞尾+er,+est.⑷兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)的詞前+more+：⑴兩者比較：s+形容詞原形+as⑵兩者比較：容詞比較級(jí)+than⑶三個(gè)比較：the+最高級(jí)+范圍五、副詞18副詞種類和位置19副詞比較等級(jí)及構(gòu)成 badlyworseworst,muchmoremust20副詞比較等級(jí)的用途六、數(shù)詞21基數(shù)詞:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百萬)one million 1000000000(十億)one billion22序數(shù)詞23時(shí)刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forthfive 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日J(rèn)une 2nd,2009或2nd of June ,2009英語里面：月 日 年⑵1995年 nineteenninetyfive1826年eigteen oh six⑶5月8日寫May 8th讀May the eighth或May eight小 學(xué) 英 語 語 法 總 結(jié) 2⑷9月1日寫September 21(st)讀September the twentyfirstSeptember 或 twentyone25數(shù)詞其他幾種用法⑴1／3 one third2/5 two fifths⑵ twe