【正文】 保障從單項(xiàng)保障向總體保障轉(zhuǎn)變，形成了一套相互聯(lián)系、共同保障的社會(huì)安全網(wǎng)。 ⑵ 保障對(duì)象范圍擴(kuò)大。由對(duì)特定階層和行業(yè)的勞動(dòng)力保障向全社會(huì)公民的保障過(guò)渡。 ⑶ 自愿保險(xiǎn)向強(qiáng)制保險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變。 ⑷ 保險(xiǎn)水平的不斷提高。 9 解放初期城市的救濟(jì)方針是什么？農(nóng)村的救災(zāi)工作方針是什么？ 答：解放初期，城市的救濟(jì)方針是：在自力更生的原則下，動(dòng)員與組織人民實(shí)行勞動(dòng)互助，實(shí)行自救、自助、助人。農(nóng)村救災(zāi)工作的方針是： “生產(chǎn)自救、節(jié)約度荒，群眾互助，以工帶賑，并輔之必要的救濟(jì)。 ” 10 現(xiàn)行的保障制度在執(zhí)行中主要存在哪些問(wèn)題？ 答：現(xiàn) 行的保障制度在執(zhí)行中存在的問(wèn)題是：繳費(fèi)率偏高，拖欠、拒繳現(xiàn)象仍較嚴(yán)重；擴(kuò)大覆蓋面的努力收效不大；個(gè)人帳戶資金被挪用 ，造成 “空帳 ”的現(xiàn)象沒(méi)有根本改變。過(guò)渡成本籌資不明確，資金運(yùn)行基本上是現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制。 11 談?wù)勀銓?duì)完善中國(guó)社會(huì)保障體系總目標(biāo)的理解。 答：完善中國(guó)社會(huì)保障體系總目標(biāo)是：建立獨(dú)立于企事業(yè)單位之外的，資金來(lái)源多元化、保障制度規(guī)范化、管理服務(wù)社會(huì)化的社會(huì)保障體系。 “獨(dú)立于企事業(yè)單位之外 ”就是將過(guò)去計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的 “企業(yè)勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn) ”“單位保險(xiǎn) ”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槭袌?chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的社會(huì)保障，保障不再是企業(yè)的責(zé)任，而是 一項(xiàng)社會(huì)制度。 “資金來(lái)源多元化 ”就是將過(guò)去社會(huì)保障資金基本由企業(yè)承擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛善髽I(yè)、個(gè)人和政府共同承擔(dān)，多元出資。 “保障制度規(guī)范化 ”就是對(duì)各項(xiàng)社會(huì)保障制度進(jìn)一步加以完善并進(jìn)行明確的法律規(guī)范。 “管理服務(wù)社會(huì)化 ”就是將就體制下的社會(huì)事務(wù)由企業(yè)和事業(yè)單位自己管理轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛缮鐓^(qū)機(jī)構(gòu)提供管理和服務(wù)。 12 簡(jiǎn)述社會(huì)保障功能。 答：社會(huì)保障制度的基本功能是保障人民群眾的基本生活、保障社會(huì)生產(chǎn)、保障社會(huì)安定、促進(jìn)改革開(kāi)放、實(shí)現(xiàn)共同富裕。具體講，社會(huì)保障的功能包括： ⑴ 穩(wěn)定功能 ⑵ 保障功能 ⑶ 互助功能 ⑷ 促進(jìn)功能。 13 社會(huì)保障的原則包括哪幾方面？ 答： ⑴ 公平性原則 ⑵ 福利性原則 ⑶ 互濟(jì)性原則 ⑷ 強(qiáng)制性原則 ⑸ 多樣性原則 14 社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)的特點(diǎn)是什么？ 答：社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)是一種繳費(fèi)制的社會(huì)保障制度，實(shí)行權(quán)利與義務(wù)相關(guān)的原則；只有盡了繳費(fèi)義務(wù)，才有享受收入補(bǔ)償?shù)臋?quán)利。 15 如何理解社會(huì)救助是社會(huì)保障的最后一道防線？來(lái)源： 答：社會(huì)救助是社會(huì)保障的最后一道防線。社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)是需要繳費(fèi)的，而這些低收入或者無(wú)收入的人群是沒(méi)有能力繳費(fèi)的，就需要社會(huì)救助予以補(bǔ)充。所以社會(huì)救助的對(duì)象與社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)的對(duì)象不同，主 要是無(wú)收入、無(wú)生活來(lái)源或者雖有收入但無(wú)法維持最低生活水準(zhǔn)者。社會(huì)救助的經(jīng)費(fèi)主要來(lái)自政府的撥付或者來(lái)自特別稅資助，還有社會(huì)團(tuán)體或者個(gè)人提供的捐助。 16 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，社會(huì)福利包括哪幾種含義？來(lái)源： 答：社會(huì)福利有以下幾種含義： ⑴ 公共福利事業(yè)。 ⑵ 專門(mén)性的福利事業(yè)。 ⑶ 局部性或者選擇性的福利事業(yè)。 9 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！【 China39。s 10 mustsee animations】 The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 mustsee classics from China39。s animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Let39。s recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫蘆娃 ) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state pared to the rest of the international munity. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of papercut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑貓警長(zhǎng) ) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2021, a rebroadcasting of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series39。 violence, and lack of suitability for children39。s education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir and teacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The hero39。s real name was Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of passion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克與貝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和貝塔 ) is a classic animation by Zheng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who don39。t want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they cofounded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very pact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天書(shū)奇談 ) also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid bination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the book39。s contents on the stone wall of a white cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heaven39。s law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinese painting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of China39。s natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋與灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊與灰太狼 ) is a Chinese animated television series. The show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted into movies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King（ Chinese: 哪吒鬧海） is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 and is based on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel Fengshen Yanyi. A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the nearby seashore for a swim and killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon King39。s feud with Nezha over his son39。s death. Through bravery and wit, Nezha finally broke into the underwater palace and successfu