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。 目前,國(guó)內(nèi)的醫(yī)藥批發(fā)、零售企業(yè)正在為迎接加入 WTO 后的新挑 戰(zhàn)做充分的準(zhǔn)備全國(guó)已有數(shù)千家藥品商業(yè)企業(yè)實(shí)施了股份制改造,打破了地區(qū)、行業(yè)、所有制的限制,以聯(lián)合、兼并、參股、控股的形式建立了大公司、大集團(tuán),并大量推廣了代理配送制,總代理、總經(jīng)銷已經(jīng)成為主要的銷售方式,初步達(dá)到降低費(fèi)用、增加效益的目的。 思考題: 1. 中國(guó)藥品零售業(yè)放開意味著什么? 2.中外企業(yè)藥品零售終端的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)各自的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)有哪些? 3.你認(rèn)為中國(guó)醫(yī)藥企業(yè)應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)這一競(jìng)爭(zhēng)? 參考答案: 1.中國(guó)藥品零售業(yè)放開意味著什么 Y(可結(jié)合各要點(diǎn),適度展開 ) (1)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來流通國(guó)際化; (1 分 )(2)機(jī)會(huì)與挑戰(zhàn)并存; (1 分 ) (3)市場(chǎng)整合步伐加快; (1 分 )(4)行業(yè)集中度大大提高; (1 分 )(5)其他。 (1 分 ) 2.中外企業(yè)藥品零售終端的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),各自的優(yōu)劣勢(shì)有哪些 ?(結(jié)合各要點(diǎn),適度展開 ) 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥企業(yè)主要優(yōu)勢(shì)集中在渠道、網(wǎng)絡(luò),而國(guó)外醫(yī)藥企業(yè)的優(yōu)勢(shì)則體現(xiàn)在技術(shù)、成本、管理、資金實(shí)力、人才等方面。 (可適度展開分析 )(3分 ) 3.你認(rèn)為中國(guó)醫(yī)藥企業(yè)應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對(duì)這一競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ?(可結(jié)合各要點(diǎn),適度展開 ) (1)加快培育具有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的民族大型醫(yī)藥企業(yè); (1 分 ) (2)爭(zhēng)取必要的政策支持; (1 分 )(3)引導(dǎo)企業(yè)制定適合自身發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃; (1 分 ) (4)推進(jìn)連鎖經(jīng)營(yíng); (1 分 )(5)提高使用信息技術(shù); (1 分 )(6)重視人才,發(fā)揮本土優(yōu)勢(shì); (1 分 )(7)其他。 (1 分 ) 第七: 供應(yīng)鏈構(gòu)筑的典范 —— P& G 和沃爾瑪?shù)漠a(chǎn)銷聯(lián)盟 ( 0708 下) 一、建立新型的協(xié)作關(guān)系 進(jìn)入 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以后,美國(guó)的零售企業(yè)不僅在規(guī)模上有了巨大發(fā)展,更是在信息化的建設(shè)和運(yùn)用上出現(xiàn)質(zhì)的飛躍,這表現(xiàn)在 POS、 EOS等現(xiàn)代零售管理系統(tǒng)開始進(jìn)入到零售店鋪,并帶來了零售經(jīng)營(yíng)翻天覆地的變革,即零售企業(yè)不 僅經(jīng)營(yíng)績(jī)效有了巨大提高,而且更由于他們準(zhǔn)確、及時(shí)掌握了市場(chǎng)上的關(guān)鍵信息和顧客需求,從而相對(duì)于遠(yuǎn)離市場(chǎng)的生產(chǎn)商占據(jù)了信息上的優(yōu)勢(shì)地位。 金伯利 克拉克公司的這一戰(zhàn)略舉措是頗讓人琢磨的,這其中的關(guān)鍵問題是:首先,作為紙尿褲第一大品牌生產(chǎn)商金佰利 克拉克公司為什么一反大型生產(chǎn)商的經(jīng)營(yíng)慣例,決定向零售商提供 PB 產(chǎn)品,他作為寶潔公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者與沃爾瑪構(gòu)筑合作關(guān)系意味著什么?第二,對(duì)應(yīng)于金佰利 克拉克的戰(zhàn)略舉動(dòng),寶潔公司應(yīng)當(dāng)采取什么對(duì)策,這是否意味著寶潔公司與沃爾瑪?shù)膽?zhàn)略聯(lián)盟關(guān)系已經(jīng)瓦解? 案例思考: 司與沃爾瑪建立產(chǎn)銷聯(lián)盟關(guān)系對(duì)雙方績(jī)效產(chǎn)生的影響。 2.請(qǐng)分析金佰利 克拉克公司與沃爾瑪之間圍繞 PB 產(chǎn)品供給的合作,會(huì)給金佰利 克拉克公司帶來的影響。 參考答案: 14 / 16 (1)請(qǐng)你分析寶潔公司與沃爾瑪建立產(chǎn)銷聯(lián)盟關(guān)系對(duì)雙方績(jī)效產(chǎn)生的影響。 (共 10 分 ) 對(duì)沃爾瑪來講: ① 易使成本削減; (1 分 ) ② 在庫成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的壓縮; (1 分 ) ③ 因?yàn)闊o紙貿(mào)易而產(chǎn)生的間接費(fèi)用的削減; (1 分 ) ④ 人員整理、再配置等人力費(fèi)用的下降; (1 分 )⑤ 多環(huán)節(jié)流通費(fèi)用的削減等。 (1 分 ) 對(duì)于寶潔公司來講: ① 成本的下降; (1 分 ) ② 借助于 MMI 系統(tǒng)使企業(yè)營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃的制定和實(shí)現(xiàn)變得非常容易; (1 分 ) ③ 通過自動(dòng)訂貨系統(tǒng)使削減在庫成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的努力成為可能; (1 分 ) ④ 由于產(chǎn)銷聯(lián)盟戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施,提高了工廠的生產(chǎn)率,構(gòu)筑了柔性化的生產(chǎn)體制,削減了原材料的調(diào)達(dá)成本,降低了由于價(jià)格波動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生的機(jī)會(huì)損失; (1 分 ) ⑤ 排除了中間流通環(huán)節(jié),節(jié)約了流通成本。 (1 分 ) (2)請(qǐng)分析金佰利 ?克拉克公司與沃爾瑪之間圍繞 PB 產(chǎn)品供給的合作,會(huì)給金佰利 ?克拉克公司帶來的影響。 (共 5 分 ) ① Hu8sies 產(chǎn)品的銷售、保持收益的穩(wěn)定,通過生產(chǎn)量的 大幅度提高充分發(fā)揮規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 (1 分 ) ② 沃爾瑪?shù)膮f(xié)作關(guān)系會(huì)隨著 PB 產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)銷售規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大而日益穩(wěn)固。因此,在訂貨條件、商品管理、展示貨架等各方面都會(huì)得到沃爾瑪?shù)膬?yōu)惠,這樣會(huì)為金佰利 ?克拉克公司擴(kuò)大經(jīng)銷其他商品,確保自身第一大品牌的地位奠定了良好的基礎(chǔ)。 (1 分 ) ③ 在 PB 產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中,金佰利 ?克拉克公司就能有力地反擊其他 PB 生產(chǎn)商的挑戰(zhàn)。 (1 分 ) ④ 采用向沃爾瑪提供 PB 產(chǎn)品,能夠有力地回應(yīng)寶潔公司的新產(chǎn)品戰(zhàn)略,利用兩條戰(zhàn)線來抵擋寶潔公司可能對(duì)他的沖擊。 (1 分 ) ⑤ 最后,作為第一品牌向沃 爾瑪提供自有品牌產(chǎn)品,是一種戰(zhàn)略性舉措,值得借鑒。 (1 分 ) 15 / 16 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?! 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the mu