【導(dǎo)讀】《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亞藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的巔峰之作。時(shí)至今日，莎翁評(píng)論家依然對(duì)該。劇眾說(shuō)紛紜，真所謂“有一千個(gè)讀者就有一千個(gè)哈姆雷特”。本文運(yùn)用“文本的歷史性。歷史環(huán)境間的“對(duì)話性”關(guān)系。本文從三個(gè)層面解析文本：首先探討莎士比亞創(chuàng)作《哈。史對(duì)文本的影響；最終指出《哈姆雷特》在英國(guó)戲劇和文化發(fā)展中所起的重大歷史作用。因此，本文將有助于文本的文化層面的解讀。

　　

【正文】 amlet with the Revelation in the Bible shows that the play is not only the product of Shakespeare‘s individual intellect, but also the product of Shakespeare‘s adopting the historical context. 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 9 4. Hamlet— A Realistic Representation of the Society in the Elizabethan Era In chapter I, the author has discussed about the New Historicist dictum of ―historicity of text and textuality of history‖. In Louis A. Montrose‘s words, the ―historicity of text‖ suggests the cultural specificity, the social embedment, of all modes of writing (qtd. In Veeser 1989 20). That is to say, no literary works could escape the influence of the historical context in which it was produced, whereas historical context is certain to be reflected in the literary works. As an influential play appeared in a rather special background— the Elizabethan era, Hamlet is influenced by this historical context and bees a realistic representation of Britain at that specific time. A brief account of the religious and social background of the Elizabethan era Shakespeare lived during a remarkable period of English history, a time of relative political stability that followed and preceded eras of extensive upheaval. Elizabeth I became the Queen of England in 1558, six years before Shakespeare39。s birth. During her 45year reign, London became a cultural and mercial center where learning and literature thrived. When Queen Elizabeth ascended to the throne, there were violent clashes throughout Europe between Protestant and Catholic leaders and their followers. Though Elizabeth honored many of the Protestant edicts of her late father, King Henry VIII, she made significant concessions to Catholic sympathizers, which kept them from attempting rebellion. But when promise was not possible, she was an exacting and determined leader who did not shy away from conflict. Religion was central to the society for which Shakespeare wrote. Queen Elizabeth also recognized the importance of the arts to the life and legacy of her nation. She was fond of the theater, and many of England39。s greatest playwrights were active during her reign, including Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare. With her permission, professional theaters were built in England for the first 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 10 time, attracting 15,000 theatergoers per week in London, a city of 150,000 to 250,000. The Shakespearean son, Spenserian stanza, and dramatic blank verse also came into practice during the period. During the time of Elizabethan theater, plays about tragedy and revenge were very mon and a regular convention seemed to be formed on what aspects should be put into a typical revenge tragedy. Shakespeare‘s works are the greatest representation of religion and art from Elizabethan England. In 1603, Hamlet was premiered, which was very closely follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. It followed every convention required to classify it as a revenge play quite perfectly. And at the same time, it reveals the faith of Catholic sympathizers secretly so it was popular and shocked the audience at that time. Characters in Hamlet: typical figures of the Elizabethan era Every historical context would give birth to some typical figures, some of whose personalities are influenced, even caused by the historical context. So would the Elizabethan era. There existed various kinds of people in this historical context, some of whom hold many distinctive characteristic caused by this specific context. Two kinds of these typical figures are reflected in Hamlet by the characters in the play. And the portrayal of these characters makes the play a more realistic reading of the Elizabethan era. role of Hamlet in the text Hamlet is the representative of many English Renaissance young men. His living states and personalities are deeply influenced by the historical context. In Renaissance period, humanism was the essence of Renaissance, formed in man‘s mind. Shakespeare was one of the best representatives of the English humanists. In his work Hamlet, the role of Hamlet fully embodies the spirit of humanism. Wittenberg was a place that really existed in history. It is also the birthplace of the Humanism. Shakespeare applied this historical context into Hamlet. In the play, Hamlet studied at the University of Wittenberg, his mind and view point was influenced by the atmosphere of the current notion. We always see that Hamlet is a dull prince because it seems that he didn‘t care what happened around him. Actually, it might be Hamlet‘s trick 淮陰師范學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文 11 to the world. He hid his true feeling, as we know that humanism emphasizes personal power. So there may be sprout of Humanism in Hamlet‘s mind. Hamlet advocated that man is the center: ―What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! ‖ (Act II, Scene ii, 285) such a delight in nature and man was characteristic of the humanist of the Renaissance. Shakespeare, as a humanist, he applied his humanistic emotions and minds into Hamlet just to show his advocation for humanist. role of Fortinbras in the text Fortinbras is the representative of Catholicism. Fortinbras, we know he is a prince of Norway that serves as a foil for Hamlet. The more notable is a Norwegian crown prince with a few brief scenes in the play, who delivers the final lines that represent a hopeful future for the monarchy of Denmark and its subjects. As the tragedy es to a close, Fortinbras is the only character with the strength left to repair all the damage that has been done. Fortinbras is a plex, almost contradictory character. He is a soldier trained