【導讀】WhatisaConstraint?processorsystem.ABottleneck. Identificationand. Economiesand. CapacityTimingand. progress.OutputMeasures. InputMeasures. Utilization. Inventory(I). Throughput(T). OperatingExpense(OE). Utilization(U). Utilization?100%. 2.approved?forTypeAcustomers?If30%ofcustomersareType. capacity?WhenwouldTypeA. WherewouldTypeB. customers?

　　

【正文】 y were smaller than the expected demand in any year, we would subtract the base case capacity from the new capacity (rather than the demand). ? The owner should account for the time value of money, applying such techniques as the present value or internal rate of return methods. $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 08 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2– ( 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 f l o wC a s h 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 。 De m a n d :5Ye a r $ 8 0 , 0 0 08 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2– ( 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 f l o wC a s h 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 。 De m a n d :4Ye a r $ 6 0 , 0 0 08 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2– ( 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 f l o wC a s h 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 。 De m a n d :3Ye a r $ 4 0 , 0 0 08 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2– ( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 f l o wC a s h 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 。 De m a n d :2Ye a r ????????????Year 0: Demand = 80,000。 Cash flow = $80,000 Year 1: Demand = 90,000。 Cash flow = ( 90,000 – 80,000)2 = $20,000 169。 2020 Pearson Education Grandmother’s Chicken Restaurant Example NVP Calculation The NPV of this project at a discount rate of 10% is calculated as shown below, and equals $ 13, NPV=[ ?200,000 + [(20,000/)] + [40,000/()2] + [60,000/()3] + [80,000/()4] + [100,000/()5] = ?$200,000 + $18, + $33, + $45, + $54, + $62, = $13, 169。 2020 Pearson Education ? A capacity alternative for Grandmother’s Chicken Restaurant is a twostage expansion. ? This alternative expands the kitchen at the end of year 0, raising its capacity from 80,000 meals per year to that of the dining area (105,000 meals per year). ? If sales in year 1 and 2 live up to expectations, the capacities of both the kitchen and the dining room will be expanded at the end of year 3 to 130,000 meals per year. ? This upgraded capacity level should suffice up through year 5. The initial investment would be $80,000 at the end of year 0 and an additional investment of $170,000 at the end of year 3. The pretax profit is $2 per meal. ? What are the pretax cash flows for this alternative through year 5, pared with the base case? Grandmother’s Chicken Restaurant Application Twostage expansion 169。 2020 Pearson Education 169。 2020 Pearson Education Grandmother’s Chicken Restaurant TwoStage Expansion ?The Table shows the cash inflows and outflows. The year 3 cash flow is unusual in two respects: ?First, the cash inflow from sales is $50,000 rather than $60,000. The increase in sales over the base is 25,000 meals (105,000 – 80,000) instead of 30,000 meals (110,000 – 80,000) because the restaurant’s capacity falls somewhat short of demand. ?Second, a cash outflow of $170,000 occurs at the end of year 3, when the secondstage expansion occurs. The cash flow for year 3 is $50,000 – $170,000 = –$120,000. Application 169。 2020 Pearson Education Grandmother’s Chicken Restaurant Twostage NVP Calculation For parison purposes, the NPV of this project at a discount rate of 10% is calculated as shown below, and equals negative $ 2,. NPV = ?80,000 + (20,000/) + [40,000/()2] ?[120,000/()3] + [80,000/()4] + [100,000/()5] = ?$80,000 + $18, + $33, ? $90, + $54, + $62, = ?$2, On a purely moary basis, a single stage expansion seems to be a better alternative than this twostage expansion. However, other qualitative factors as mentioned earlier must be considered as well. Application 169。 2020 Pearson Education Tools for Capacity Planning ?Waiting Line Models ?Supplement C ?Simulation ?Supplement B ?Decision Trees ?Supplement A 169。 2020 Pearson Education Don’t expand Expand 1 2 Low demand [] Low demand [] High demand [] High demand [] $70 $220 $40 $135 $90 Capacity Planning using Decision Trees X = $28 X = $16 X = $132 X = $96 $148 $12