國際貿(mào)易外文翻譯---美國歐洲農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘-其他專業(yè)-資料下載頁
2025-01-19 08:25本頁面
【導(dǎo)讀】技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘嚴(yán)重影響了美國/歐洲的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易。本文闡述了歐洲和美國的技術(shù)法規(guī)妨礙雙邊貿(mào)。本文為個(gè)案研究提供了一個(gè)背景，并對技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的未來作用下了定。由于貿(mào)易規(guī)則的變更，更高的食品安全和食品質(zhì)量的需求以及歐盟的東歐。國家，我們希望美國/歐洲的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘能夠在將來得到發(fā)展。研究人員建議把定義建立在意圖，經(jīng)濟(jì)影響，工。這些產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)、分配和消費(fèi)相聯(lián)系的外部作用產(chǎn)生的市場無效。身份，措施，質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施，全球共同展區(qū)及包裝要求。除了技術(shù)法規(guī)，羅伯茨和DeRemer強(qiáng)調(diào)，表明符合外國法規(guī)可能成為一個(gè)。得進(jìn)入一個(gè)進(jìn)口國市場可能需要符合不同的條件。該協(xié)議規(guī)定，動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施和技術(shù)措施，不應(yīng)成為。各國被鼓勵(lì)使用由國際科學(xué)組織制定的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，諸如食品規(guī)。在協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一的情況下，世貿(mào)組織的成員國被鼓勵(lì)運(yùn)用等效。在一項(xiàng)美國科學(xué)家聯(lián)合會，美國農(nóng)業(yè)部監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和美國貿(mào)易組織的調(diào)查中，
【正文】 ic Measures This section identifies recent and current specific technical barriers in US/Europe agricultural trade. In addition to studying European barriers on US imports, we also explore US barriers on European imports. We identify sectors in which such barriers are prevalent and attempt to approximate their trade impact. Our survey does not provide systematic evidence on technical barriers in US/Europe trade. This requires a detailed assessment of many standards and regulations and a prehensive survey of exporters in many countries. Instead, our study is based on information found in research papers, newspapers, and industry and agency publications such as AgraEurope, documents of the US Foreign Agricultural Service, and a European Commission Report on US Barriers to Trade and Investment. We omit questionable measures not mentioned in such publications and, possibly, many TBTs related to conformity assessment and enforcement. In this article, we attempt to approximate the trade impact of various TBTs. Unfortunately, with the exception of Peterson, Paggi, and Henry’s paper (1998) on the US/EU hormone dispute, quantitative economic studies on the price and welfare effects of TBTs in US/Europe trade are unavailable at this point. Occasionally, news and other sources identify the trade impact of threatened or existing barriers. If no 47 data are available, we approximate the maximum possible impact of, for example, an import ban, by giving information on the trade volume before the ban. Note, however, that this estimate is likely to be an overstatement. Import bans are frequently linked to specific production and processing techniques. If a US processing firm follows EU guidelines, it may still be able to do business with the EU. TABLE 3. The Approximate Trade Impact of Selected US/Europe Technical Barriers Trade Barrier Approximate Trade Impact(in million $) US technical barriers Ban on EU beef amp。 sheep 2 Ban on various pesticides (Delaney Clause) (threatened) EU wine exports to US (1995) 1,015 EU olive oil exports to US (1994/95)a 70,000 tons Ban on Spanish pork products Spanish red meat to US (1995)b EU technical barriers EU ban on US products with SRMs 14,000 (max threatened but many exceptions likely) EU ban on US hormonetreated beef 100 EU ban on US fresh meat and poultry (threatened) 100 EU ban on US poultry 54 EU regulation on GMOs US corn exports to EU (1995) 433 EU ban Polish dairy products ECU 60 Eastern European technical barriers EE possible ban US poultry meats upon EU accessionc 160 Bulgarian ban on US hormonetreated beef Russian technical barriers Russian ban on US poultry (threatened but not implemented) 840 a. Wine and olive oil exports correspond to total exports in the quoted year. Not all wine and olive oil may be affected by the ban. b. Figure applies to total red meat rather than pork.. c. Eastern Europe’s poultry meat imports amounted to $160 million in 1997. Finally, please note that we do not attempt to merely pinpoint Roberts and 48 DeRemer’s list of European technical barriers affecting US agricultural exports. The USDA survey constitutes a snapshot of questionable foreign technical barriers facing US agricultural exports in June 1996. Secondguessing measures identified by the USDA survey would have led us to neglect important current issues such as the EU’s threatened ban on specified risk materials. Other issues may have been resolved in the meantime. 學(xué)生學(xué)號
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