國際貿(mào)易外文翻譯---美國歐洲農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘-其他專業(yè)(參考版)
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【正文】 Roberts and DeRemer (1997). Specific Measures This section identifies recent and current specific technical barriers in US/Europe agricultural trade. In addition to studying European barriers on US imports, we also explore US barriers on European imports. We identify sectors in which such barriers are prevalent and attempt to approximate their trade impact. Our survey does not provide systematic evidence on technical barriers in US/Europe trade. This requires a detailed assessment of many standards and regulations and a prehensive survey of exporters in many countries. Instead, our study is based on information found in research papers, newspapers, and industry and agency publications such as AgraEurope, documents of the US Foreign Agricultural Service, and a European Commission Report on US Barriers to Trade and Investment. We omit questionable measures not mentioned in such publications and, possibly, many TBTs related to conformity assessment and enforcement. In this article, we attempt to approximate the trade impact of various TBTs. Unfortunately, with the exception of Peterson, Paggi, and Henry’s paper (1998) on the US/EU hormone dispute, quantitative economic studies on the price and welfare effects of TBTs in US/Europe trade are unavailable at this point. Occasionally, news and other sources identify the trade impact of threatened or existing barriers. If no 47 data are available, we approximate the maximum possible impact of, for example, an import ban, by giving information on the trade volume before the ban. Note, however, that this estimate is likely to be an overstatement. Import bans are frequently linked to specific production and processing techniques. If a US processing firm follows EU guidelines, it may still be able to do business with the EU. TABLE 3. The Approximate Trade Impact of Selected US/Europe Technical Barriers Trade Barrier Approximate Trade Impact(in million $) US technical barriers Ban on EU beef amp。 and market retention barriers are measures under consideration, which may adversely affect US exports, if enacted. Roberts and DeRemer asked the attaches and trade anizations to estimate the trade impact of such barriers in terms of the value of current US export revenue that is threatened and could be potentially lost. Please note that the survey only covers questionable measures affecting US exports to countries covered by overseas FAS offices. It does neither cover questionable European measures affecting countries other than the US nor US measures affecting European imports. The survey finds 57 questionable measures in Europe with an estimated trade impact on US agricultural and food exports of $ million. Six of these questionable measures have an estimated individual trade impact of more than $50 million each (Table 2). Together these barriers account for % of the total estimated trade impact. Survey respondents identified only 12 other measures worldwide with such a large impact. Roberts and DeRemer (1997) find 23 regulations in US/Europe trade with an estimated trade impact of more than $5 million. Considering the product coverage of questionable measures, the survey shows that many barriers affecting US exports to Europe affect trade in animal products (Table 2). The estimated trade impact of all barriers on animal products is $ 45 million and accounts for 53% of estimated total trade impacts of all European barriers. By parison, in all other countries of the world only $ million exports of animal products are subjected to questionable barriers. Moreover, exports of processed foods and grains exceeding $100 million respectively are affected by questionable barriers (Roberts amp。 DeRemer, 1997). To stem the proliferation of technical barriers in recent years, GATT members negotiated Agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) as part of the Uruguay Round Agreement (World Trade Organization, 1994a, 1994b).
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