【導(dǎo)讀】回顧造型設(shè)計師和空氣動力分析師的角色。概述從概念到最后設(shè)計的各個設(shè)計階段。證明機(jī)械工程師和造型設(shè)計師前后協(xié)同工作的必要性。地方很少被寫到。汽車設(shè)計師的工作仍然得到很多人包括工業(yè)設(shè)計師的很少的理解。里他闡明“汽車設(shè)計在商業(yè)藝術(shù)中是最不能被充分理解的”。年在通用汽車創(chuàng)建了第一個為特定目的建造的設(shè)計部門。2D草圖，然后將他們轉(zhuǎn)變成全尺寸的2D正交的插圖。然后全尺寸實(shí)物模型為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計部門提供全車身表面信息基礎(chǔ)，并機(jī)加工出來。計師工作的一部分。同時他們的許多技能訓(xùn)練和體驗(yàn)出來的，許多決定性的制作和解。模型已經(jīng)吸引眼球之后進(jìn)一步審視上。全保障以保護(hù)商業(yè)機(jī)密。常有高墻、圍墻和樹屏環(huán)繞以防止偷窺和偷拍。下簡稱“橋”）會在平臺的兩邊按指導(dǎo)在其上面或底部運(yùn)行。該橋會有一個滑行的校。輛通常會被包括在內(nèi)。被密切審查,甚至完全拆除來建立成本、施工方法和質(zhì)量?？赡茉谟媱澩普箷r發(fā)布出來，那么原始策略的改變方面很可能會提出相關(guān)建議。

　　

【正文】 tage, the tape drawing. Immediately usable designs are needed, and the whole sketch programme will be based on tightly constrained underlays and will not go through the very loose phase. Where ‘ facelifts’ of existing designs are concerned, the sketching will only be done on this basis, usually with a large photograph as an underlay, or by retouching a photograph. The advantage is that creativity can run wild for a while, there is little imposed or self criticism for even quite significant inaccuracies of proportion, and size. The disadvantages are that only a fully attuned eye can properly interpret the actual intent and several more stages must be gone through before engineers or modellers can make use of the information. Where sketching is controlled by package dimensions from the outset, by various means, the results are almost certainly much more immediately useful to others. The job of turning these illustrations into full size tapes requires less interpretation and judgement. It could be given to another individual to carry out, not the original artist. If an accurate photolike rendering is required, the illustrator must take great care to analyse the proposed surfaces and theoretical lighting sources very carefully. This will take a great deal of time, a week or more for the package drawing to be converted to a perspective that will be rigidly adhered to along with orthographic views. This type of illustration is often required in consultancies, where clients wish to see a very accurate image, without the need or expense of a model. Such drawings can be readily digitized straight into an engineering CAD system and the first 3D real model to be seen could e from a multiaxis mill. Much more time is spent involved in the development of the model, and Figure Informal selection of concepts Competition Influences 102 An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design details like bumpers, lights, handles, wipers, add graphics. There is liaison with the engineers on feasibility issues, and an endless stream of other much more mundane tasks, all of which are important in their own way and require the expert eye and judgement of a stylist. Full sized tape drawing The sketch programme provided the basic aesthetic and proportional ‘theme’ that the studio and management agreed to proceed with. Firstly, a full sized package blueprint side elevation is thoroughly sketched, free from wrinkles and pinned to a display board, at a fortable working height, where roof and door sills can both be easily reached. Important features and clearance points may be emphasized with a coloured pencil or some thin chart tape (typically the air cleaner, radiator and passenger head clearances) as the height of the bodywork over these areas can be of great aesthetic significance. Next a sheet of clear or translucent plastic film is tightly placed or stapled over the package print. The materials used are very simple, rolls of black crepe photographic adhesive tape ranging from 1 mm to 150 mm. The sketch or sketches of the chosen design are placed on a display board. A length of tape will be placed along the ground line as shown on the package. This will give a visual base to the rest of the drawing. Using the stylist’s usual mixture of learned skills and intuition and bearing in mind the clearance points, the lines of the sketch are translated into tape lines over the package (Figure ). Figure Translation of sketch into tape drawings The technique is to lay another piece of tape next to the one wished to be moved so that its position is recorded until the original or a new piece is relaid. Only lines are visible at this stage there is no representation of form or section. Shadows and mock perspective via blacking out Body design 103 a portion of the side window area give an impression of solidity and being a true side elevation. Strips of white tape or cut out paper may be added to represent highlights, and wider black tape or dark paper to represent undercuts and shadows. Skilful application of thick and thin tapes for door shut lines can also enhance the impression of section or form. Tyres may be blocked in using wide tape, paper, or card and could be illustrations, or photographs of actual wheels. Large taped up paper cutouts may sometimes be overlaid on the finished ‘tape’, to look at alternative treatments, perhaps for a roof pillar, screen angle, or front end silhouette. etc. These are simply referred to as ‘overlays’. The tape drawing will be photographed with and without them as a record. After management clearance the tapes may be enhanced by shading. This can be achieved by many methods。 such as air brushes, or marker pens. Only well trained and expert stylists can do this. The end results, especially when photographed, can look very convincing but in reality there is no 3D information there which could be transferred. What exists is still a 2D representation, acpanied by sectional information. An impression of the size, profiles, proportions and graphic effect of glass areas has been gained together with some idea of how the surfaces might be. The final tape review will be to a fairly large group of management, involving product planners, engineers, styling, costing and timing, and a verbal presentation will most probably be made by the studio manager. Clay modelling Clay modelling of interiors and exteriors is the most evident part of the conventional car styling activity whenever a studio is entered. The most time consuming part of the studio operation is the physical creation of the models. The clay that is used is almost exclusively confined to the car styling business, and was first used by Harley Earl. Various formulations have been tried, but they are st