【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 inary science?It involves a lot of disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, psychology, pedagogy, Anthropology, we call it an interdisciplinary science are the main features of traditional linguistics?(purpose, beliefs, approach and contents)Purpose: to help understand classic worksbeliefs: the written form of language superior to the spoken :a prescriptive approachContents: Classification of all the words into 8 parts of speech and the study of the syntax of Greek are the main features of American structuralism?(beliefs, approach and contents)beliefs: speech was primary and writing was :a descriptive and inductive approachContents: language was a habit of verbal behavior which consisted of a series of stimuli and acquire a language was to form a habit of verbal behavior and learning a language was learning a is Chomsky’s explanation of the first language acquisition process?Linguists should study the linguistic petence, not the performance, of the native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical is the main feature of functional linguistics?the meaning of any single word is to a high degree dependent on its context of situation must have an important position in a descriptive linguistic events should be accounted for at three primary levels: substance)the material of language), form(organization)and context(relations of the form to nonlinguistic features of the situation).Three dimensions: field, tenor, and is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?Contents: the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people’s perceptual : people perceives objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their ponent parts is the basic theory of psychoanalysis?Contents: the analysis of the unconscious : unconscious mental processes influence conscious thought and is the basic theory of behaviorism?Important figures: (American psychologist)Contents: nonhuman animal’s behavior and the external environmental : Behavior was the only proper subject of study in psychology ,because only behavior, not the mind, could be observed publicly and objectivelyImportant figures:, the leader of behaviorismContents: learningTo characterize learning in terms of stimuli and responsesTo identify basic learning processesBeliefs: learning processes can be divided into two kinds: classical conditioning and operant is the basic theory of cognitive psychology?contents：to explain observable behavior by reference to hypothetical mental : experimental subjects do not simply make passive, mechanic responses to they are very active in identifying the meaning of stimuli and in expecting the consequences of their are the main six theories of second language acquisition? What are the main features? The habitformation theory習(xí)慣形成理論According to behaviorists, language is regarded as a set of linguistic habits and the linguistic habits are formed through identifying and strengthening the associations between stimuli and a second language means the formation of a new set of linguistic and practice play an important role in the process of should be predicted, avoided and should be transfer/ negative transfer/ contrastive analysisThe hypothesis of linguistic universals 語(yǔ)言共性說(shuō)There exists certain linguistic properties which are true to all the natural languages in the Chomsky : a particular language。core grammar and peripheral grammarHoseph : different languagesThe acculturation theory 文化認(rèn)同說(shuō)Individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge, and behavior in order to function well in another and psychological distances determine the degree of acculturation successThe discourse theory話語(yǔ)交際說(shuō)In the late 1970s:focus his research on the process of second language acquisitionOnly through munication discourses can the learner acquire the second languageThe monitor theory 監(jiān)調(diào)理論The cognitive theory 認(rèn)知理論Cognitive psychology: learning is a cognitive processThe second language learning should be regarded as the acquisition of a plex cognitive skill, and its internal representations include procedures for selecting appropriate vocabulary,grammatical rules, and pragmatic conventions governing language ’ language performance improves along with the reconstructing of the internal task of language acquisition is very plex because it involves constant practice and integration of different aspects of the task until automaticity is reached(二) are the main features and objectives of the GrammarTranslation Method?1).Main features:① Main content: grammar② Arrangement of the teaching materials: grammar system③ Purpose of teaching activities: mastering grammatical rules.④ Major focus: reading and writing⑤ Main medium of instruction: the native language⑥ Principal practice technique: translation2).objectives:To enable the learners to read and translate its literature by requiring students to memorize grammatical are the main features and objectives of the Direct Method?1).Main features:① Arrangement of the teaching materials: situations or topics② Purpose of teaching activities: developing oral munication skills③ Major focus: speaking and listening④ Main medium of instruction: the target language2).Objectives:To develop the students’ ability to municate in the target enable the students to think in the target languageTo develop the four basic language skillsTo help students to have correct pronunciation from the beginning of the are the main features and objectives of the Oral Approach?1).Main features:① Language teaching begins with the spoken language.② New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.③ Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general servicevocabulary(基本的常用詞匯）is covered.④ Items of grammar are graded followin