【文章內容簡介】 s is the second m ost import sign of fri endshi p. It is cal led l okahi i n H awai an l anguage, whi ch m eans “onenes with al peopl e”. To enjoy the land you shoul d not be sel fish. The l and is for everyone who lives on it. Today m any di ferent peopl e cal l H awai thei r home. Indeed, H awai i s a pl ace where peopl e m ake one big m unity from m any sm al ler m unities. Each person gives kokua (hel p) to other peopl e so that al fel l stronger. It’s believed that the isl ands can be a paradi se when the peopl e l ive i n peace. People are tol d that their acti ons should be as gentle as the wi nd that bl ows from the sea. When probl em s happen, people are asked to solve them wi th understandi ng. So when peopl e of H awai tal k about ohana (fami ly), they are real y tal ki ng about al those who l ive on the i sl ands. Li vi ng i n peace, H awai i ans have developed a thi rd sign of fri endshi p. This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another. The lie, a string of flowers, is put over a friend’s neck. Then the fri end i s gi ven a ki s on chek. Vi si tors to the isl ands are also gi ven l ies. When they hear al oha, vi si tors begin to feel at home. Al oha al so means “goodbye”, so visitors wil l hear it again when they l eave. It can al so mean “our hearts singing together”. Perhaps this is how m ost visitors wil l remem ber their new friendship. Unit 2 TH E RO AD TO MODERN EN GLISH At the end of the 16th century, about fi ve to seven mil li on peopl e spoke Engli sh. N early al of them l ived in Engl and. Later i n the next century, peopl e from Engl and made voyages to conquer other parts of the worl d and because of that, Engl ish begi n to be spoken in many other countri es. Today, m ore people speak Engl ish as their first, second or a forei gn l anguage than ever before. N ative Engli sh speakers can understand each other even if they don39。t speak the sam e ki nd of Engli sh. Lok at this ki nd of exampl e: British Bety: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engl ish changed over tim e? Actual y al l languages change and devel op when cul tures meet and m uni cate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken i n England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di fferent the Engli sh spoken today. It was based m ore on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 150, Engl ish becam e l ess li ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke fi rst Dani sh and l ater French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engl ish l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was abl e to m ake use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh setlers m oved to Am eri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a to. Engli sh began to be spoken in both countri es. Fi nal y by the 19th century the language was setled. At that tim e two bi g changes in Engl ish spel i ng hapened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later Noah Webster wrote The Am erican Dicti onary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engl ish spel ing. Engl ish now is also spoken as a forei gn or second language i n South Asi a. For example, India has a very l arge num ber of fluent Engli sh speakers because Britai n rul ed India from 1765 to 1947. during that time Engl ish becam e the l anguage for governm ent and educati on. Engli sh i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysia and countri es i n Africa such as South Africa. Today the num ber of peopl e l earni ng Engl i sh i n Chi na i s increasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, Chi na m ay have the largest number of Engli sh l earners. Wi l Chi nese Engl ish develop i ts own identi ty? O nl y time wil l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is it spoken i n Britai n, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zealand? Beli eve i t or not, there i s no such thing as standard Engli sh. Many peopl e bel ieve the Engl ish spoken on TV and the radio i s standard Engli sh. Thi s is because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel l ent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radi o you wil l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressions diferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. Am erican English has many dial ects, especial y the Midwestern, southern, African Am erican and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a li tle di ferentl y. Ameri can English has so many dialects because peopl e have e from al over the world. Geography also plays a part i n maki ng di al ects. Some people who 第一章 總 論 一、項目提要 項目名稱：年產 20xx0 噸新含氣調理食品加工項目 建設性質：新建 項目建設單位：濰坊開發(fā)區(qū)華裕實業(yè)有限公司 法定代表人：劉玉華 所有制形式：有限責任公司 通訊地址：濰坊經濟技術開發(fā)區(qū)玄武東街 59 號 項目建設地點、規(guī)模、期限及建設內容： 項目建設地點：濰坊經濟技術開發(fā)區(qū)民主街以南，友愛路以東，月河路以西。 項目建設規(guī)模：項目總投資 8000萬元，土建工程面積 19005平方米，新增生產加工設備 28臺套。投產后年產新含氣調理食品 20xx0噸。 項目建設期限：項 目建設期為 1年，從 20xx 年 3月開始，到 20xx年 2 月全部建設竣工并投入使用。 項目建設內容：項目新建工程面積 19005 平方米，其中生產車間 9505 平方米、綜合樓 3500平方米、物流中心 4000 平方米、倉庫 20xx平方米；購置生產加工設備 28臺套。 項目申報單位 申報單位：濰坊開發(fā)區(qū)華裕實業(yè)有限公司 項目投資規(guī)模及資金構成 項目總投資 8000萬元，其中：固定資產投資為 6544萬元，必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you could tel l everythi ng to, li ke your deepest feli ngs and thoughts? Or are you afrai d that your fri end woul d laugh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Anne Frank wanted the fi rst ki nd, so she m ade her best fri end. Anne li ved i n Am sterdam i n N etherl ands during Woul d WarⅡ .H er fam il y was Jewish so they had to hi de or they woul d be caught by the German N azi . She and her fam il y hi d away for nearl y twentyfive m onths before they were disc