【正文】 ty: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engl ish changed over tim e? Actual y al l languages change and devel op when cul tures meet and m uni cate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken i n England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di fferent the Engli sh spoken today. It was based m ore on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 150, Engl ish becam e l ess li ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke fi rst Dani sh and l ater French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engl ish l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was abl e to m ake use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh setlers m oved to Am eri can. Later i n the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a to. Engli sh began to be spoken in both countri es. Fi nal y by the 19th century the language was setled. At that tim e two bi g changes in Engl ish spel i ng hapened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later Noah Webster wrote The Am erican Dicti onary of the Engli sh Language. The latter gave a separate i denti ty to Am eri can Engl ish spel ing. Engl ish now is also spoken as a forei gn or second language i n South Asi a. For example, India has a very l arge num ber of fluent Engli sh speakers because Britai n rul ed India from 1765 to 1947. during that time Engl ish becam e the l anguage for governm ent and educati on. Engli sh i s al so spoken i n Si ngapore and Mal aysia and countri es i n Africa such as South Africa. Today the num ber of peopl e l earni ng Engl i sh i n Chi na i s increasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, Chi na m ay have the largest number of Engli sh l earners. Wi l Chi nese Engl ish develop i ts own identi ty? O nl y time wil l tel . STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What i s standard Engli sh? Is it spoken i n Britai n, the US, Canada, Australi a, Indi a and N ew Zealand? Beli eve i t or not, there i s no such thing as standard Engli sh. Many peopl e bel ieve the Engl ish spoken on TV and the radio i s standard Engli sh. Thi s is because i n the earl y days of radi o, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel l ent Engli sh. H owever, on TV and the radi o you wil l hear di fferences i n the way peopl e speak. When peopl e use words and expressions diferent from the “standard l anguage”, it is cal ed a dial ect. Am erican English has many dial ects, especial y the Midwestern, southern, African Am erican and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a li tle di ferentl y. Ameri can English has so many dialects because peopl e have e from al over the world. Geography also plays a part i n maki ng di al ects. Some people who 第一章 總 論 一、項(xiàng)目提要 項(xiàng)目名稱：年產(chǎn) 20xx0 噸新含氣調(diào)理食品加工項(xiàng)目 建設(shè)性質(zhì)：新建 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)單位：濰坊開發(fā)區(qū)華裕實(shí)業(yè)有限公司 法定代表人：劉玉華 所有制形式：有限責(zé)任公司 通訊地址：濰坊經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)玄武東街 59 號 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)地點(diǎn)、規(guī)模、期限及建設(shè)內(nèi)容： 項(xiàng)目建設(shè)地點(diǎn)：濰坊經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)民主街以南，友愛路以東，月河路以西。 we are taking you to t he macar oni fields of Calabr ia. Macar oni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading grower s, Giuseppe Mol dova and Ricar do Br abante, tel me that they have been expecting a splendi d cr op t hi s year and harvesti ng has begun ear li er than usual. Here you can see t wo wor ker s who, between t hem, 必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you could tel l everythi ng to, li ke your deepest feli ngs and thoughts? Or are you afrai d that your fri end woul d laugh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Anne Frank wanted the fi rst ki nd, so she m ade her best fri end. Anne li ved i n Am sterdam i n N etherl ands during Woul d WarⅡ .H er fam il y was Jewish so they had to hi de or they woul d be caught by the German N azi . She and her fam il y hi d away for nearl y twentyfive m onths before they were discovered. During that tim e the onl y true friend was her diary. She said , ”I don’t want to set down a seri es of facts i n a di ary as m ost peopl e do , but I want thi s di ary i tsel f to be m y fri end, and I shal cal l m y friend Kitty . ”Now read how she fel t after being in the hiding pl ace since Jul y 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Ki ty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so l ong that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do wi th nature. I can wel l rem em ber that there was a tim e when a dep blue sky, the song of the bi rds, m oonli ght and fl owers could never have kept m e spel bound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past el even i n order to have a god l ok at the moon by m yself. But as the moon gave far too m uch light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering cl ouds hel d me entirel y in their power。t speak the sam e ki nd of Engli sh. Lok at this ki nd of exampl e: British Bety: Woul d you li ke to see m y fl at? Am erican Am y: Yes. I’d li ke to e up to your apartm ent. So why has Engl ish changed over tim e? Actual y al l languages change and devel op when cul tures meet and m uni cate wi th each other. At fi rst the Engli sh spoken i n England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very di fferent the Engli sh spoken today. It was based m ore on German than the Engli sh we speak at present. Then gradual y between about AD800 to 150, Engl ish becam e l ess li ke germ en because those who rul ed Engl and spoke fi rst Dani sh and l ater French. These new settl ers enri ched the Engl ish l anguage and especial ly its vocabul ary. So by the 160’s Shakespeare was abl e to m ake use of a wider vocabulary than