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同與以往的產品 ? Value seekers 趨利消費者 ? Like benefits but avoid risks 趨利避害 ? Anti GM consumers 反轉基因消費者 ? Try best to avoid GM ingredients 盡最大努力避免轉基因食品 ? Fringe consumers 邊緣消費者 ? Difficult to convince 難于說服 16 Trusted Information Source 對產品信息來源的信賴程度 10%4%9%10%41%32%11%19%8%10%1%3%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%C a n a d i a nG o v 39。 tFo o dI n d u s t r yFa r m e r s 39。A s s o c . Fa m i l y R e s e a r c hI n s t i t .C o n s u m e rA s s o c .v e r y t r u s t w o r t h y n o t t r u s t w o r t h y a t a l l 17 __ ? A ? A ? A ? A ? A ? A ? A 18 GM Labelling Policies around the World 世界各國轉基因食品標簽制度 Cou nt r i es /Reg i on s T y pe o f P ol i c y G M Co nt en t T hres ho l dA us tr al i a/ New Zea l an d Ma nd at ory 1%Chi na Ma nd at ory n/ aCz ec h Ma nd at ory 1%E urop ea n Uni on /UK Ma nd at ory 0. 9%Hon g K on g Ma nd at ory 5%J ap an Ma nd at ory 5%Rus s i a Ma nd at ory 5%S w i tz erl an d Ma nd at ory2% o r 3 % de pe nd i ng o n di f f eren t s i tu at i on sB r az i l ( draft ) M an da to r y n/ aIn di a ( draft ) M an da to r y n/ aIs r ae l ( draft ) M an da to r y 1%M al ay s i a ( draft ) M an da to r y 3%K orea ( draft ) M an da to r y 3%T ai wan ( draft ) M an da to r y 5%T ha i l an d ( draft ) M an da to r y 5%Can ad a V ol un ta r y 5%US A V ol un ta r y 5%19 General Results of the Second Experiment 調查第二部分的結果 ? Two different GM labelling policies have distinct impacts on consumers 兩種轉基因食品標簽制度對消費者有不同作用 ? Mandatory labelling policy raises a red flag 強制標簽豎起紅旗 ? Voluntary labelling policy increases the choice uncertainty 自愿標簽增加選擇的不定性 ? Different GM labelling policies have different implications on social welfare 兩種轉基因食品標簽制度對社會福利有不同作用 ? Mandatory labelling policy incurs more cost but with more benefit 強制標簽增加成本但提高效益 ? Voluntary labelling policy is not very different from no labelling policy at all 自愿標簽與無標簽不存在大的區(qū)別 20 Attitudes toward Labelling Policies 大眾對標簽政策的態(tài)度 C o n s u m e r s 39。 A tti tu d e s o n D i ffe r e n t L a b e l l i n g I s s u e s020406080100Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7Q u e s t i o n sPercentageA g r e eD o n 39。t A g r e eD o n 39。t K n o wQ1: The public is sufficiently involved in the regulation of GM foods. Q2: Even if food prices were higher, the consumers’ “right to know” warrants a ma