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chapter3trafficstreamcharacteristics(交通流特性)(編輯修改稿)

2025-03-08 03:15 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 our. ? Demand would be the volume plus the vehicles of motorists wishing to pass the site during the study hour who were prevented from doing so by congestion. The latter would include motorists in queue waiting to reach the study location,motorists using alternative routes to avoid the congestion around the study location, and motorists deciding not to travel at all due to the existing congestion. ? Capacity would be the maximum volume that could be acmodated by the highway at the study location. 第二節(jié) 統(tǒng)計(jì)交通量的方法 一、手工計(jì)數(shù)法 1.人工紙上計(jì)數(shù)法 記錄可用一定格式的表格登記,累計(jì)記錄時(shí),應(yīng)按所取時(shí)段( 5min、 15min或 1h)分別累計(jì)。表3- 4為人工觀測(cè)記錄表格式之一。 ? 交通量統(tǒng)計(jì)表 表 34 人工統(tǒng)計(jì)方法是我國(guó)最常用的方法,適合在任何地點(diǎn)、任何情況進(jìn)行交通量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),機(jī)動(dòng)靈活易于掌握,但長(zhǎng)時(shí)間連續(xù)觀測(cè)時(shí),精度不易保證。 2.流動(dòng)車法 是英國(guó)運(yùn)輸與道路研究室的沃爾卓普( Wardrop)和查爾斯沃斯( Charlesorth)在 1954年提出來(lái)的。該方法靈活、方便,根據(jù)調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)資料,可以同時(shí)計(jì)算出交通量、平均行駛車速、平均運(yùn)行時(shí)間等。 使用該方法進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí),一般需要觀測(cè)車一輛,駕駛員 1人,觀測(cè)記錄人員 3名。其中 1人記錄與觀測(cè)車反向行駛的會(huì)車數(shù), 1人記錄與觀測(cè)車同向行駛的超車數(shù)和被超車數(shù),另 1人記錄觀測(cè)車順向行駛時(shí)間和反向行駛時(shí)間。行程為固定路段的已知距離。一般往返 12— 16次,即可得到滿意的結(jié)果。 測(cè)觀路段上往返方向上的交通量分別為: 平均行駛時(shí)間: 并由此而推導(dǎo)出平均車速: 60)(60)(??????????WEEEWEWWEttZYXwqEttZYXqwEEEEEWWWWqZYttqwZYtt??????EEWtLvwtLv6060?? 式中: qE—— 與測(cè)試車行進(jìn)方向相同的單向交通量(輛/ h); Xw—— 測(cè)試車行進(jìn)方向行駛時(shí)的會(huì)車數(shù)(輛); YE—— 超越測(cè)試車的車輛數(shù)(輛); ZE—— 被測(cè)試車超越的車數(shù)(輛); tE—— 觀測(cè)車沿測(cè)定方向行駛的時(shí)間( min); tW—— 觀測(cè)車與測(cè)定方向相反時(shí)的行駛時(shí)間 ( min); L—— 測(cè)試路段長(zhǎng)度( km); VE—— 在測(cè)試路段上測(cè)定方向的平均車速( km/h)。 例 35 在長(zhǎng) ,用測(cè)試車往返 12次觀測(cè)同向和逆向車數(shù)的記錄結(jié)果如下,求該路段的車流量和車速。 用流動(dòng)車法調(diào)查交通量要使觀測(cè)車的車速盡可能接近車流的平均速度,當(dāng)交通量很小時(shí),則應(yīng)接近調(diào)查路段的限制車速。對(duì)于多車道的情況,最好變換車道行駛。另外,要盡可能使超車數(shù)與被超車數(shù)接近平衡,特別當(dāng)交通量不高時(shí)更應(yīng)如此。 Speed ? Time mean speed (TMS,時(shí)間平均車速 ) the average speed of all vehicles passing a point on a highway or lane over some specified time period. ? Space mean speed (SMS,空間平均車速 ) the average speed of all vehicles occupying a given section of highway or lane over some specified time period. To measure time mean speed(TMS), an observer would stand by the side of the road and record the speed of each vehilce as it passes. Given the speeds and the spacing shown in , a vehicle will pass the observer in lane A every 176/88=2s. thus , as long as the traffic stream maintains the conditions shown, for every n vehicles traveling at 88ft/s, the observer will also observe n vehicles traveling at 44ft/s. the TMS may then be puted as: To measure space mean speed (SMS), an observer would need an elevated location from which the full extent of the section may be viewed. Again, however, as long as the traffic stream remains stable and uniform, as shown, there will be twice as many vehicles in lane B as there are in lane A. therefore, the SMS is puted as: TMS is puted by finding each individual vehicle speed and taking a simple average of the results. SMS is puted by finding the average travel time for a vehicle to traverse the section and using the average travel time to pute a speed. 例 對(duì)長(zhǎng)為 100m的路段進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀測(cè),獲得數(shù)據(jù)如表 4- 1所列: 車速觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表 41 試求其時(shí)間平均車速與空間平均車速? 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 車 輛 行駛時(shí)間( s) 車速( km /h) 1 2 3 4 75 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ? 解: ? Percentile (百分位) a value in a distribution for which the stated percentage of the population has a characteristics that is less than or equal to the specified value, 15, 50 and 85 percentiles are very mon Logit M odel0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%110%0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13G aps ( s ec)Cumulative Probability5 0 pe r ce n tile8 5 pe r ce n tile1 5 pe r ce n tile 交通流速度的概念 一、速度的概念 設(shè)車輛在 t時(shí)間內(nèi)、在道路上行駛 L距離,則車速可用 L/ t形式表示。 二、 速度的表示方式 地點(diǎn)車速 (又叫點(diǎn)車速或瞬時(shí)車速) 它是車輛駛過(guò)道路上某一斷面時(shí)的瞬時(shí)速度,觀測(cè)距離很短,以行駛該距離的時(shí)間小于 2s為限。 汽車上車速里程表指示的車速、交通標(biāo)志中限制的車速和雷達(dá)測(cè)速儀測(cè)得的車速均為地點(diǎn)車速,它是用作道路設(shè)計(jì)、交通管理和規(guī)劃的依據(jù)。 行駛車速 它是指車輛在某一路段所行距離,用有效行駛時(shí)間(不包括停車時(shí)間)除之所求的車速。 行駛車速用來(lái)分析道路區(qū)段行駛難易程度和設(shè)計(jì)道路通行能力以及車輛運(yùn)行的成本效益分析。 行程車速 行程車速又稱區(qū)間車速或運(yùn)送速度,是車輛行駛路程與通過(guò)該路程所需的總時(shí)間(包括停車時(shí)間)之比。行程車速是一項(xiàng)綜合性指標(biāo),用以評(píng)價(jià)道路的通暢程度,估計(jì)行車延誤情況。要提高運(yùn)輸效率歸根結(jié)底是要提高車輛的行程車速。
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