【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 tanding of the anization and report higher anizational mitment. ? Evidence of a reduction in the rate of turnover. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 34 Socialization Tactics ? The manner in which anizations structure the early work experiences of newers and individuals who are in transition from one role to another. ? There are six socialization tactics that consist of a bipolar continuum. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 35 Collective versus Individual Tactics ? When using the collective tactic, a number of new members are socialized together as a group, going through the same experiences and facing the same challenges. ? The individual tactic consists of socialization experiences that are tailormade for each new member. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 36 Formal versus Informal Tactics ? The formal tactic involves segregating newers from regular anizational members and providing them with formal learning experiences. ? Informal tactics do not distinguish a newer from more experienced members and rely more on informal and onthejob learning. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 37 Sequential versus Random Tactics ? With a sequential tactic, there is a clear and fixed sequence of steps or stages leading to the assumption of the role. ? With the random tactic, there is an ambiguous or changing sequence of events. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 38 Fixed versus Variable Tactics ? With a fixed tactic, there is a time table for the newers’ assumption of the new role. ? If the tactic is variable, there is no time frame to indicate when the socialization process ends and the newer assumes his or her new role. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 39 Serial versus Disjunctive Tactics ? The serial tactic refers to a process in which newers are socialized by experienced members of the anization. ? The disjunctive tactic refers to a socialization process where role models and experienced anization members do not groom new members or “show them the ropes.” Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 40 Investiture versus Divestiture Tactics ? The divestiture tactic involves experiences that are designed to humble new hires and strip away some of their initial selfconfidence. ? Having been humbled and stripped of preconceptions, members are then ready to learn the norms of the anization. ? The investiture tactic affirms the ining identity and attributes of new hires rather than denying them and stripping them away. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 41 Socialization Tactics (continued) ? Institutionalization socialization consists of the collective, formal, sequential, fixed, serial, and investiture tactics. ? Individualized socialization consists of the individual, informal, random, variable, disjunctive, and divestiture tactics. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 42 Socialization Tactics Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 43 Socialization Tactics (continued) ? Institutionalization socialization reflects a more formalized and structured program of socialization that reduces uncertainty and encourages new hires to accept anizational norms and maintain the status quo. ? Individualized socialization reflects a relative absence of structure that creates ambiguity and encourages new hires to question the status quo and develop their own approach to their role. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 44 Socialization Tactics (continued) ? Institutionalization socialization tactics are effective in promoting uniformity of behaviour. ? When socialization is individualized, new members are more likely to take on the particular characteristics and style of those who are socializing them – uniformity is less likely. ? Institutionalized socialization is always followed up by some individualized socialization as the member joins his or her regular work unit. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 45 Socialization Tactics: Research Evidence ? Institutionalization socialization tactics have been found to be related to proximal and distal outes: – Lower role ambiguity and conflict – More positive PJ and PO fit perceptions – More positive job satisfaction and anizational mitment – Lower stress and turnover – A more custodial role orientation Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 46 Socialization Tactics: Research Evidence (continued) ? Individualized socialization tactics result in a more innovative role orientation in which new recruits might change or modify the way they perform their tasks and roles. ? The social tactics (serialdisjunctive and investituredivestiture) have been found to be the most strongly related to socialization outes. Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 47 Mentoring ? A mentor is an experienced or more senior person in the anization who gives a junior person special attention, such as giving advice and creating opportunities to assist him or her during the early stages of his or her career. ? For mentors to be effective, they must perform two types of mentor functions: – Career functions – Psychosocial functions Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 48 Career Functions of Mentoring ? The career functions of mentoring provide careerenhancing benefits and include: – Sponsorship – Exposure and visibility – Coaching and feedback – Developmental assignments Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Canada Inc. Chapter 8 / Slide 49 Psychosocial Functions of Mentoring ? The