【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 on Compression PMBOK Resource Leveling/Smoothing/Allocation: 用在 resources constraint circumstances. 將稀缺資源先分配到關(guān)鍵路徑上。 Allocate scare resources to the Critical Path Activities first. 通常導(dǎo)致比最初進度更長的工期。 Often result the longer duration than preliminary schedule. 資源重新分配 （ Resource Reallocation） : 用在 time constraint circumstances 將資源從非關(guān)鍵路徑上重新分配到關(guān)鍵路徑上，以彌補已經(jīng)落今后的進度，或盡可能接近原定工期。（ Resources reallocated from noncritical to critical activities to bring the schedule back， or as close as possible to its originally intended overall duration.） Extend hours, weekends, multiple shifts. Increase productivity by using different technologies and machinery. 啟發(fā)式資源平衡法 PMBOK Resource Leveling Heuristics 啟發(fā)式資源平衡法 PMBOK Resource Leveling Heuristics 資源逆向分配 （ Reverse resource allocation scheduling） : 有限或關(guān)鍵資源（ Finite and critical resource). 從項目結(jié)束時間逆推進度（ Scheduled backwards from ending date） 關(guān)鍵路徑資源計劃 Critical Chain resource Planning: A technique modifies the schedule to account for limited resources. Question: Add more people on a task can increase or decrease the productivity? 進度更新 Schedule Updates PMBOK 更新 Update: Modification to schedule May or May Not require to adjustments to other aspects of project Plan. 修訂 Revision: Special category of Update. Change to the start and finish dates in approved project schedule. Generally in response to the scope changes or changes to estimate. 重新確定基線 Rebaselining: While schedule severe delay, the original performance measurement baseline not applicable Be careful, since the historical data will be lost. 成本管理 （ Cost Management） What’s cost management? Including: Initiate the project Estimating Organizing Controlling Analyzing Reporting Forecasting Taking necessary corrective action when required. 關(guān)于成本管理的問題 成本管理的目的？ 確保在批準的預(yù)算內(nèi)完成項目的各個過程。 成本管理的方法？ 資源計劃 、 成本的估算、預(yù)算、控制 誰對成本在不同時間有不同的需求？ 管理層（實施結(jié)果，獎勵與識別），買方（不同的合同類型下） 針對不同的管理需要，成本有哪些類型？ 可控、不可控；固定、變動；直接、間接 ? 如何控制與管理變更？ 糾正措施？ S曲線？掙值？ 成本估算技術(shù) （ Cost Estimating Techniques） ? 模擬 (類比 )估算 Analogous Estimating – ―top down‖。 using actual costs from previous project as basis for estimate ? Reliable when previous projects are similar and individuals have expertise – form of expert judgment ? 參數(shù)模型 Parametric Modeling – uses project characteristics in mathematical models to predict costs ( houses) ? Reliable when historical information is accurate, parameters are quantifiable, and model is scalable 2 types: Regression analysis, Learning Curve ? 從下至上的估算 Bottom Up Estimating – rolling up individual activities into project total – smaller work activities have more accuracy ? 計算機工具 Computerized tools – spreadsheets, software 估算的準確性 (Accuracy of Estimates） ? 量級估算 Order of Magnitude Estimate: ? 25% to 75%。 ? Without detailed data, Best guess, usually made during Initiation Phase ? Other Names: guesstimates, Conceptual, Preliminary ? 預(yù)算估算 Budget Estimate: ? 10% to 25%。 ? More better data, usually made during the Planning phase ? Other Names: Appropriation, Control, and Design ? 確定估算 Definitive Estimate: ? 5% to 10%。 ? Well defined data, usually bottom up. ? Other Names: Check, Lump sum, Tender, Post contract changes. 估算的準確性 ?Cost Estimates: – 量級估算 Order of Magnitude (ballpark estimate)： During initial evaluation – 預(yù)算估算 Budget : Used to obtain funds and project approval. – 確定估算 Definitive: Proposals, bid evaluation, contract change etc. Order of Magnitude Definitive Estimate Budget Estimate 75% 25% 25% 10% 10% 5% 生命周期成本（ Life cycle costing） ?開發(fā)成本 Development cost ?生產(chǎn)成本 Production cost ?運維成本 Operating/ Maintenance cost ?處置成本 Discard cost – Disposal cost while product passed its point of usefulness. (. 電池，化學(xué)品 etc.) Time Value of Money ? PV = amount of payment in N years divided by (1 + interest)n ? NPV=Sum of PV of inflow and outflow – NPV0, go – NPV=0, consider – NPV0, no go ? IRR = that rate of discount at which the sum of the positive present values is equal to the sum of the negative present values. OR cost equal revenue and project is a break even. 相關(guān)財務(wù)術(shù)語及概念的介紹 ? Accounting Standards – Distinguish Price and Cost. – Present Value: value today of future cash flows – Net Present Value: total benefits (ine or revenue) less the costs. NPV is the sum of each present value of each ine/revenue item – Internal Rate of Return (IRR): pany may select project based on highest IRR – Payback Period: number of time periods it takes to recover the investment in the project before generating revenues – Opportunity Cost: opportunity given up by selecting one project over another – Sunk Costs: expended costs. Sunk costs should not be considered when determining to continue with a troubled project – Variable Cost: costs that change with the amount of production or the amount of work (materials, wages) – Fixed Cost: nonrecurring costs that do not change 相關(guān)財務(wù)術(shù)語及概念的介紹 續(xù) ? Accounting Standards（ Con’t） – Direct Cost: directly attributable to project work (travel, wages, materials) – Indirect Cost: overhead items or costs for the benefit of more than one project (taxes, fringe benefits) – Depreciation: assets lose value over time ? Straight Line depreciation: same amount is taken each year ? Accelerated Depreciation: 2 forms 187。Double Declining Balance 187。Sum of the Years Digits – Life Cycle Costing: includes operations and maintenance phases – Cost Benefit Analysis: analysis the relation between cost and benefit – 2/10 Net 30 (Payment terms) 儲備（ Reserves） ?目的： 當風(fēng)險事件發(fā)生時降低或減少成本超支或進度拖延的機會。 ? Management Reserves – Unknown Unknowns – Management level, Not in the BAC. – Often due to the scope change and require the change of the cost basel