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V) = FV/ (1+r)n ?凈現(xiàn)值 (NPV) ?內(nèi)部收益率 (IRR) 使投資現(xiàn)值之和等于收入現(xiàn)值之和的折現(xiàn)率。 ?回收期( Payback period) 項(xiàng)目章程 Project Charter PMBOK 定義: A document that formally authorizes a project. 內(nèi)容: 1. Officially establishes the project. 2. Assign the project manager and authorizes the use of anization’s resources to acplish project activities. 3. Provides a general description of project objective and business reason for project. 問題: 以下哪個(gè)是銷售方( seller)的項(xiàng)目章程? 1. Contract 3. Statement of requirement 2. Scope statement 4. Statement of Objective 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的指派 PMBOK Project Manager’s Assignment 項(xiàng)目可行,越早越好。 最遲不得晚于 Execution. Preferable早于項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃編制完成前。 問題:以上哪個(gè)最好? One answering principle, only choose the best fit answer. 范圍說明 Scope Statement PMBOK Provides a documented basis for 1. Making future project decision 2. Confirming or developing mon understanding of project scope among the stakeholders. Will be revised or refined to reflect approved scope changes. Includes or reference to: 項(xiàng)目論證( Project justification) – Business needs。 a basis for tradeoffs. Project’s product – product description() Project deliverables – a list of summary level Subproducts. Project objectives – quantifiable criteria to measure success at least: Cost Schedule Quality SMART Objective Involves subdividing the major project deliverables or subdeliverables ?smaller ?more manageable units Until sufficient detailed defined deliverables to Support developing Activity. 分解 Deposition PMBOK Step 1: 識(shí)別主要可交付成果 Identify major deliverables Step 2: Decide if adequate cost and duration estimate can be developed Step 3: Identify constituent ponents (組成元素 ) Step 4: Verify the correctness 工作分解結(jié)構(gòu) WBS PMBOK 面向可交付成果而對(duì)項(xiàng)目元素的分組,它組織并定義了整個(gè)項(xiàng)目范圍。 Deliverableoriented, Not activity oriented. Work not in WBS is outside scope of project. Unique identifier? Code of account Work package? Lowest level item of WBS ? Can be deposed in a Subproject WBS. ? some books: 80 hours. WBS dictionary: work ponent descriptions. typically include: work package, schedule dates, Cost budget, staff assignment… 工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)與其他結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 PMBOK CWBS(Contractual WBS):合同工作分解結(jié)構(gòu) 定義賣方提供給買方報(bào)告的層次,不如 WBS詳細(xì)。 OBS(Organization breakdown structure):組織分解結(jié)構(gòu) 顯示工作被分配到組織單元。 RBS (Resource breakdown structure):資源分解結(jié)構(gòu) OBS的一種變異,將工作元素分配到個(gè)人。 BOM (Bill of Material):材料清單 制造產(chǎn)品所需零部件等的分級(jí)層次。 PBS (Project breakdown Structure) :項(xiàng)目分解結(jié)構(gòu) 即 WBS,用于某些將 BOM稱為 WBS的領(lǐng)域。 范圍核實(shí) Scope Verification PMBOK 是項(xiàng)目干系人正式接受( Formal Acceptance)項(xiàng)目的過程。 需要審查 Deliverables和 Work results,以確保正確圓滿完成。 項(xiàng)目提前終止,則應(yīng)對(duì)項(xiàng)目完成程度建立文檔。 注意區(qū)別:范圍核實(shí)與質(zhì)量控制。 范圍核實(shí):關(guān)心工作結(jié)果的“接受 Acceptance” 質(zhì)量控制:關(guān)心工作結(jié)果的“正確性 Correctness” Inspection= Review, product reviews, audits, walkthrough 變更申請(qǐng) Change Request PMBOK 多種形式: oral/written, direct/indirect, externally/internally initiated, legal/optional 但是,必須是正式的( Formal) 引起變更申請(qǐng)的原因: 1. 外部事件 2. 定義 Product scope 時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤或遺漏( error/omission) 3. 定義 Project scope 時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤或遺漏( error/omission) 4. Valueadding change (尤其在 Optional時(shí) ) 5. Risk?contingency plan or workaround plan.() Activity Definition 活動(dòng)定義 PMBOK 分解 (Deposition ):將工作包細(xì)分為:更小、更易于管理的活動(dòng)( Activity)。 與范圍定義中分解的區(qū)別 : Output 不同: deliverable / activity. 活動(dòng)清單( ) 項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行的 所有活動(dòng) 。 WBS的延伸。 每個(gè)活動(dòng)要有描述。 WBS更新( )。 又叫精細(xì)化 Refinement. Dependencies 依賴關(guān)系 PMBOK ? Mandatory 強(qiáng)制 ?Often involve physical or technological limitations (based on the nature of work being done) ?也叫硬邏輯,硬依賴關(guān)系。 ? Discretionary 任意 ? Best practice ? 軟邏輯 Soft Logic: desirable and customary (based on experience) ? 優(yōu)先 Preferential: preferred or mandated by a customer (also, need of the project sponsor) ? External ? Project activity with nonproject activity. 前導(dǎo)圖法 PMBOK Precedence Diagramming Method AON (Activity on Node): Node=activity, Arrow=dependencies One time estimate Lead and Lag Four relationships: Finish to Start Finish to Finish Start to Start Start to Finish TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 TASK1 TASK2 ES EF LS LF ES EF LS LF 箭線圖法 PMBOK Arrow Diagramming Method AOA (Activity on Arrow): 雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖,活動(dòng)在箭線上。 有虛擬活動(dòng) Dummy Activity: 一般用虛線表示 , 0 duration. No Lag One relationship: Finish to start S 1 2 3 4 E A B C D E F G 計(jì)劃評(píng)審技術(shù) PERT PMBOK Three time estimate 悲觀值 Pessimistic 最可能值 Most Likely 樂觀值 Optimistic Weighted Average=(Optimistic + 4*Most likely + Pessimistic)/6 Standard deviation(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 )=(Pessimistic Optimistic)/6 Beta Distribution Most Likely PERT Weighted Average 關(guān)鍵路徑法 CPM PMBOK One time estimate – Most likely Calculate forward pass backward pass Float/Slack 時(shí)差 Free float= Early Finish Early start of successor activity (不影響任何緊隨活動(dòng)的 ES。 ) Total Float = Early finish – Late finish (不影響項(xiàng)目完工日期。 ) Critical Path Longest Shortest Zero 條件圖法 PMBOK Conditional Diagramming Method GERT:圖形評(píng)審技術(shù) 允許回路( LOOP,如:重復(fù)多次進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)測(cè)試)或條件分枝 ( Conditional branches,如:只有當(dāng)檢測(cè)出錯(cuò)誤時(shí)才進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)更新)的存在,這是 PDM和 ADM所不允許的。 Conditional and probabilistic treatment System Dynamics Models:系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)模型 工期 =7 Task A ES EF LS LF 工期 =6 Task C ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task G ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task B ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task D ES EF LS LF 工期 =2 Task F ES EF LS LF 工期 =3 Task E ES EF LS LF 工期 =2 Task H ES EF LS LF 開始 結(jié)束 計(jì)算 子網(wǎng)絡(luò) Sub Nets – Frags PMBOK 網(wǎng)絡(luò)模板( Network templates) 使制圖過程更便捷。 可包括整個(gè)項(xiàng)目,也可是其中一部分。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分稱為:子網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 特別用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有重疊或相似內(nèi)容時(shí)。 例如:蓋樓的每一層、醫(yī)藥臨床等。 趕工 Crashing: 成本與進(jìn)度的平衡 /折衷。( cost and schedule tradeoff)。 確定如何用最小的成本獲得最大的工期壓縮。 通常成本增加。 快速跟進(jìn) Fast tracking: 將前后順序變?yōu)槠叫? ( change sequence to parallel)。 通常風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。 工期壓縮 Durati