chapter1-invitation-to-linguistics--英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)(編輯修改稿)
2025-08-20 09:35 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 is Primarily Vocal All languages use sounds. Writing is based on speaking, to capture sounds and meanings on paper. The primary medium of language is sound. Why? Five reasons: 1. Children learn to speak before they learn to read and write. 2. Children automatically learn a language as they grow months 12 yrs : sufficient exposure to writing: not natural, needs teachers 3. The spoken form came earlier than written form in history. 4. writing is based on speech. 5. Spoken language is used more often than writing. Implied Meaning : 1. Writing extends language beyond the limitations of time and space. 2. Written language is more polished than speech, . classical Latin amp。 language used in Roman Empire. Language is Human Specific Human language is different from animal munications in the following aspects. 1. the ability to refer to things far removed in time and space = displacement of lge 2. the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of novel sentences.=creativity of lge 3. learning a more important factor in human language than in animal munication. 4. Language is plex in its structure. 5. Animal munication system is closed, whereas human lge is open. 6. Humans can perform acts with lge.= performative function of lge Design features ? Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication. ? arbitrariness （ 任意性 ） There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. We can39。t explain why a book is called a [buk]. Arbitrariness is a matter of degree. ? (1) onomatopoeic words/pound words ? (2) arbitrariness at the syntactic level By syntax we refer to the ways that sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. As we know, the order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings. Syntax is less arbitrary than words, especially in so far as this kind of order is concerned. (a) He came in and sat down. (b) He sat down and came in. ? (3) arbitrariness and convention ? what is the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning? It is a matter of convention. We have to look at the other side of the coin of arbitrariness, namely, conventionality. ? productivity （創(chuàng)造性） It refers to the feature one can produce and understand an infinitely large number sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. Productivity is contributed to the duality and recursiveness of langauge. He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who... ? duality (雙重性） langauge is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. at the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. but the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Two basic systems: a system of sounds 。 a system of meanings. It39。s called the duality of language. .[b],[e],and [d] (secondary level) are meaningless by themselves, put together [bed]( primary level) is meaningful. A small number of sounds
環(huán)評(píng)公示相關(guān)推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號(hào)-1