【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 price of pizza is 1/2 of a gallon of root beer. 1000 萬工人，每個(gè)工人每年可以生產(chǎn) 2 單位的汽車或 30 單位的麥子。 1 單位汽車和 1 單位麥子的機(jī)會(huì)成本分是什么？解釋這兩種產(chǎn)品機(jī)會(huì)成本之間的關(guān)系。 15 bushels of wheat. 1/15 of a car。如果加拿大選擇消費(fèi) 1000 萬單位汽車(先生產(chǎn))且不進(jìn)行交易，它能生產(chǎn)多少小麥？在生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上標(biāo)注出該點(diǎn)。 Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.d. 現(xiàn)在假設(shè)美國愿意從加拿大購買 1000 萬單位汽車，每輛車的購買價(jià)為 20 單位小麥。如果加拿大仍然消費(fèi) 1000 萬單位汽車，這個(gè)買賣能讓加拿大消費(fèi)多少小麥？在你畫出的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上標(biāo)出這一點(diǎn)。加拿大應(yīng)該接受這個(gè)買賣嗎？ （美國不給錢的情況）If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept（縱截距）of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.（所有加拿大人都去生產(chǎn)汽車）。假設(shè)每個(gè)英格蘭工人每小時(shí)可以生產(chǎn) 50 個(gè)烤餅或 1件毛衣。每個(gè)蘇格蘭工人每小時(shí)可以生產(chǎn) 40 個(gè)烤餅或 2 件毛衣。 ，哪個(gè)國家具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)？哪個(gè)國家具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)？ Absolute advantage: Scones English workers sweater Scottish workersComparative advantage: Scones English workers sweater Scottish workersComparative advantage runs the same way.c. 如果英格蘭和蘇格蘭決定進(jìn)行交易，蘇格蘭將用自己生產(chǎn)的哪種產(chǎn)品交換英格蘭的哪種產(chǎn)品？請(qǐng)解釋。 Scotland will produce sweaters and trade them for scones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50 scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they39。ll be getting the traded good at a lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own countryd. 如果每個(gè)蘇格蘭工人每小時(shí)只能生產(chǎn) 1 件毛衣，蘇格蘭仍能從貿(mào)易中得到好處嗎？請(qǐng)解釋。Scotland would still have a parative advantage in producing sweaters. t there are still gains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost 100 件襯衫或 20 臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，而每個(gè)中國人每年可以生產(chǎn)100 件襯衫和 10 臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。 。假設(shè)不存在交易時(shí)，每個(gè)國家在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上各花費(fèi)一半的時(shí)間。在生產(chǎn)可能性邊界上畫出這樣的點(diǎn)。 ，哪個(gè)國家將出口襯衫？用數(shù)字舉例說明并在你的圖上畫出。哪個(gè)國家會(huì)從交易中獲益？請(qǐng)解釋。 （計(jì)算機(jī)價(jià)格用襯衫數(shù)量衡量）。 ，所以每個(gè)中國人每年可以生產(chǎn) 100 件襯衫或 20 臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。請(qǐng)你預(yù)測(cè)一下可能的交易模式。中國這一生產(chǎn)力的提高如何影響兩個(gè)國家居民的狀況？假設(shè)中國生產(chǎn)率趕上了美國，由于兩國的生產(chǎn)效率完全相同，所以貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生的基礎(chǔ)不論是比較優(yōu)勢(shì)還是絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)就不復(fù)存在，這時(shí)中美之間的貿(mào)易就會(huì)消失。 a.“即使一國在所有產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，若它與國貿(mào)易則兩國都能從貿(mào)易中得到好處?！?T All that39。s necessary is that each country have a parative advantage in some good.b.“天才們?cè)谒鶑氖碌拿考虑樯隙季哂斜容^優(yōu)勢(shì)?！? FComparative advantage reflects the opportunity cost of one good or activity in terms of another. If you have a parative advantage in one thing, you must have a parative disadvantage in the other thing.c.“如果某交易對(duì)交易一方有好處，那么該交易就不能對(duì)交易另一方有好處?！盕Trades can and do benefit both sides?especially trades based on parative advantage. If both sides didn39。t benefit, trades would never occur d.“如果某交易對(duì)交易一方有好處，那么該交易對(duì)交易另一方也總是有好處的。” F the trade price must lie between the tow opportunity costs to be good for both parties.e.“如果某交易對(duì)一國有好處，那么該交易必定對(duì)該國家的每個(gè)人都有好處?！?Ftrade that makes the country better off can harm certain individuals in the country. For example, suppose a country has a parative advantage in producing wheat and a parative disadvantage in producing cars. Exporting wheat and importing cars will benefit the nation as a whole, as it will be able to consume more of both goods. However, the introduction of trade will likely be harmful to domestic auto workers and manufacturers.，從世界其他國家進(jìn)口石油和衣服。你認(rèn)為這種交易模式符合比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原理嗎？為什么符合或?yàn)槭裁床环希?，他們都生產(chǎn)食品和衣服。在 1 小時(shí)內(nèi)，比爾可以生產(chǎn) 1 單位食品或 1 單位衣服，而希拉里能生產(chǎn) 2 單位食品和 3 單位衣服。他們每人每天工作 10 小時(shí)。 ，畫出該家庭的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界。 。也就是說，她將為家庭生產(chǎn)全部衣服。如果她將全部時(shí)間用于生產(chǎn)衣服，衣服仍不夠家庭所用，那么比爾也會(huì)生產(chǎn)一部分衣服?，F(xiàn)在，該家庭的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是什么樣子的？ 。也就是說，希拉里為家庭生產(chǎn)所有的食品。如果希拉里將她的全部時(shí)間用于食品生產(chǎn)，但食品仍不夠家庭所用，那么比爾也會(huì)生產(chǎn)一部分食品?，F(xiàn)在，該家庭的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是什么樣子的？ (c)、(d)、(e)的答案，然后使用比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原理判斷哪種時(shí)間配置方式是最合理的。 b. Bill has a parative advantage in the production of food because he has a lower opportunity cost (1 unit of clothing per unit of food) than Hillary ( units of clothing per unit of food).Figure 6 c. See Figure 6. If Bill and Hillary spend all of their time producing food, they can produce 30 units [(10 180。 1) + (10 180。 2)] per day. If they spend all of their time producing clothing, they can produce 40 units per day [(10 180。 1) + (10 180。 3)].e. If no clothing is produced, Bill and Hillary can still produce only 30 units of food. If Hillary switches to clothing production, the household gives up 2/3 unit of food for every unit of clothing produced. When Hillary’s 10 hours are devoted to producing clothing, she would be producing 30 units of clothing while Bill is producing 10 units of food. Of course, if Bill then begins to produce clothing, the household gives up 1 unit of food for each unit of clothing produced. Bill and Hillary could devote all their time to producing clothes. If they choose to do so, they can produce 40 units. Their production possibilities frontier is shown in Figure 7.(為折線)Figure 7 e. Again, Hillary and Bill can chose to produce no clothing and produce all food (30 units). To gain some clothing, Bill would produce clothing, sacrificing 1 unit of food for each unit of clothing produced. If Bill spends all of his time producing food, he would produce 10 units, while Hillary produced 20 units of food. To gain additional clothing, the household would need Hillary to reallocate her time away from food production toward clothing production (at a cost of 1/2 unit of food for each unit of clothing produced). If they choose to produce only clothing, they can produce 40 units of clothing. See Figure 8.Figure 8 f. It is clear that the production possibilities expand when Hillary specializes in the production of clothing. This makes sense because she has a parative advantage in the production of clothing.Unit4。 c.“當(dāng)中東地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)時(shí)，汽油價(jià)格上升，凱迪拉克汽車價(jià)格下降?！盨ince much oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for gasoline to the left,With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gasguzzling au